TPO托福阅读练习题37及参考答案（四）

　　A second explanation involves the influence of the social world on children's language use．Hearing and telling stories about events may help children store information in ways that will endure into later childhood and adulthood．Through hearing stories with a clear beginning，middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later. Consistent with this view parents and children increasingly engage in discussions of past events when children are about three years old. However, hearing such stories is not sufficient for younger children to form enduring memories. Telling such stories to two year olds does not seem to produce long-lasting verbalizable memories.

　　A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it. The better able the person is to reconstruct the perspective from which the material was encoded, the more likely that recall will be successful.

　　This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children's encoding and older children's and adults' retrieval efforts. The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it, 0lder children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally．General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures．

　　These three explanations of infantile amnesia are not mutually exclusive：indeed, they support each other. Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers. Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults．Conversely，improved encoding of what they hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events. Thus, all three explanations-- physiological maturation hearing and producing stories about past events，and improved encoding of key aspects of events--seem likely to be involved in overcoming Infantile amnesia．

　　Paragraph 2: How might this inability to recall early experiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation--that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development-also is incorrect. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds remember some events a year later. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression---or holding back-of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon．While such repression may occur，people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either．

　　1. What purpose does paragraph 2 serve in the larger discussion of children's inability to recall early experiences?

　　○To argue that the ones that are not substantiated by evidence should generally be considered unreliable

　　○To argue that the hypotheses mentioned in paragraph 2 have been more thoroughly researched than have the theories mentioned later in the passage

　　○To explain why some theories about infantile amnesia are wrong before presenting ones more likely to be true

　　○To explain why infantile amnesia is of great interest to researchers

　　2. The word plausible  in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○flexible

　　○believable

　　○debatable

　　○predictable

　　3. The word phenomenon in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○exception

　　○ repetition

　　○occurrence

　　○idea

　　4.All of the following theories about the inability to recall early experiences are rejected in paragraph 2 EXCEPT：

　　○The ability to recall an event decreases as the time after the event increases．

　　○Young children are not capable of forming memories that last for more than a short time．

　　○People may hold back sexually meaningful memories．

　　○Most events in childhood are too ordinary to be worth remembering．

　　Paragraph 3: Three other explanations seem more promising．0ne involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood．And this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants' and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier，such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll's mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain's level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories，but not ones requiring explicit verbal deｓｃｒｉｐｔions.

　　5. What does paragraph 3 suggest about long-term memory in children?

　　○Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain is important for the long-term memory of motor activities but not verbal deｓｃｒｉｐｔions．

　　○Young children may form long-term memories of actions they see earlier than of things they hear or are told．

　　○Young children have better long-term recall of short verbal exchanges than of long ones．

　　○Children's long-term recall of motor activities increases when such activities are accompanied by explicit verbal deｓｃｒｉｐｔions

　　Paragraph 4: A second explanation involves the influence of the social world on children's language use．Hearing and telling stories about events may help children store information in ways that will endure into later childhood and adulthood．Through hearing stories with a clear beginning，middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later. Consistent with this view parents and children increasingly engage in discussions of past events when children are about three years old. However, hearing such stories is not sufficient for younger children to form enduring memories. Telling such stories to two year olds does not seem to produce long-lasting verbalizable memories.

　　6.According to paragraph 4，what role may storytelling play in forming childhood memories?

　　○It may encourage the physiological maturing of the brain

　　○It may help preschool children tell the difference between ordinary and unusual memories．

　　○It may help preschool children retrieve memories quickly．

　　○It may provide an ordered structure that facilitates memory retrieval

　　Paragraph 5: A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways In which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it. The better able the person is to reconstruct the perspective from which the material was encoded, the more likely that recall will be successful.

　　7. The word critically in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○fundamentally

　　○partially

　　○consistently

　　○subsequently

　　8. The word "perspective" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ system

　　○ theory

　　○ source

　　○ viewpoint