TPO托福阅读练习题37及参考答案（四）

　　Paragraph 6: This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children's encoding and older children's and adults' retrieval efforts. The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it, 0lder children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally．General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures．

　　9. The phrase "This view" in the passage refers to the belief that

　　○the ability to retrieve a memory partly depends on the similarity between the encoding and retrieving process

　　○the process of encoding information is less complex for adults than it is for young adults and infants

　　○infants and older children are equally dependent on discussion of past events for the retrieval of information

　　○infants encode information in the same way older children and adults do

　　10.According to paragraphs 5 and 6，one disadvantage very young children face in processing information is that they cannot

　　○process a lot of information at one time

　　○organize experiences according to type

　　○block out interruptions

　　○interpret the tone of adult language

　　Paragraph 7: These three explanations of infantile amnesia are not mutually exclusive：indeed, they support each other. Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers. Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults．Conversely，improved encoding of what they hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events. Thus, all three explanations-- physiological maturation hearing and producing stories about past events，and improved encoding of key aspects of events--seem likely to be involved in overcoming infantile amnesia．

　　11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information．

　　○Incomplete physiological development may partly explain why hearing stories does not improve long-term memory in infants and toddlers

　　○One reason why preschoolers fail to comprehend the stories they hear is that they are physiologically immature

　　○Given the chance to hear stories，infants and toddlers may form enduring memories despite physiological immaturity．

　　○Physiologically mature children seem to have no difficulty remembering stories they heard as preschoolers．

　　12. How does paragraph 7 relate to the earlier discussion of infantile amnesia?

　　○It introduces a new theory about the causes of infantile amnesia.

　　○It argues that particular theories discussed earlier in the passage require further research.

　　○It explains how particular theories discussed earlier in the passage may work in combination.

　　○It evaluates which of the theories discussed earlier is most likely to be true.

　　Paragraph 1: What do you remember about your life before you were three? █Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years．█Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty．█Most people remember only a few events--usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive，such as being hospitalized or a sibling's birth. █

　　13.Look at the four squares[█]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage

　　Other important occasions are school graduations and weddings.

　　Where would the sentence best fit?

　　14. There are several possible explanations why people cannot easily remember their early childhoods．

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　　Answer Choices

　　1.Preschoolers typically do not recall events from their first year.

　　2.Frontal lobe function of the brain may need to develop before memory retrieval can occur.

　　3.Children recall physical activities more easily if they are verbalized．

　　4. The opportunity to hear chronologically narrated stories may help three-year-old children produce long-lasting memories．

　　5.The content of a memory determines the way in which it is encoded

　　6.The contrasting ways in which young children and adults process information may determine their relative success in remembering．