托福阅读_托福TPO19阅读部分究竟有多“难”？

（二）托福阅读译文

【1】多年来，历史学家试图找到18世纪工业革命在工业、技术和经济领域兴起的关键因素，许多人把能源问题放在突出位置。直到18世纪，人们依靠工厂、畜力以及人力来提供动力。高效地利用水能和风能有助于完成诸如抽泵、碾磨或航海等工作。然而，到了18世纪，尤其是大不列颠却经历了能源短缺。木材，这一为家庭和工业供暖供能,同时也以加工木炭的形式被使用在钢铁工业中的主要能源，其供应量日益减少。大不列颠有大

量的煤矿；然而，还没有产生机械能或为机器提供动力的有效方法。这一切随着蒸汽机的改良而发生。

【2】在18世纪末期，詹姆斯?瓦特设计了一款高效且具商业利益的蒸汽机，由于其价格低廉，很快就被运用到各项工业生产之中。这款蒸汽机帮助解决了煤矿中地下水的排水问题并且提高了煤的产量，这些煤用来为别处的蒸汽机提供动力。与蒸汽机相连的旋转式发动机带动轴承转动，从而驱动机器，运用蒸汽动力纺织棉布的纺织厂随之出现。因为蒸汽机靠燃煤而驱动，一些大型棉纺织厂就不再像那些使用水力驱动机器的工厂一样必须依河而建。这种棉纺织业日益机械化的转变在棉花原料的进口和棉纺产品的销售中得到突出的体现。在1760年到1850年间，原棉的进口量增长了230倍。英国棉纺产品的生产量增加了60倍，而棉布则成了英国最重要的产品，占出口总额的一半。蒸汽机的成功带来了对煤需求量的增加，而且随着蒸汽动力泵从位于地下水位下的更深的煤层中排出水来，随之而来的煤产量的增加成为可能。

【3】蒸汽动力的可利用性以及对新机器的需求促进了钢铁工业的转型。当蒸汽驱动风箱投入到生铁生产中后，木炭这种用木材烧成因此供应量有限的物质就被焦炭（煤加热后残留的物质）替代了。随着焦炭的使用，生铁中的杂质被燃烧完，从而生产出更高质量的精炼铁。降低的成本也有助于那些能够生产不同形状和尺寸的成品铁制品的蒸汽动力轧钢厂的发展。因此导致的钢铁工业的繁荣使钢铁的年产量在1740年到1840年间增长了170多倍，到19世纪50年代，大不列颠生产的钢铁比世界其他地区生产的总和还要高。钢铁工业的发展从某种意义上说，是对更多机器的需求以及在其他工业中更广泛使用高质量铁的一种回应。

【4】蒸汽动力和钢铁带来了交通运输的革新，反过来也有着更加深远的影响。道路设施以及航海的改善已经初见成效，但是船运重型货物到陆地的费用仍然很高，即使在可以使用河流和运河的地方。平行铁轨长期以来被用于采矿作业来运输大型货物，但是马匹仍然是主要的动力来源。然而，蒸汽机的到来引发了铁路运输的彻底变革，巩固和扩大了工业革命的成果。随着交通运输的改善，全国范围内更远更大的市场可以到达，因此鼓励着大型工厂的生产与日益增长的销售量保持同步。更大规模的生产和日益增长的需求给企业家带来了利润，这种利润可用于再投资新技术，进一步扩大产能或寻求其他的投资机会。同时，铁道建设方面的更多就业机会也吸引了那些习惯于季节性工作或者短工制的农村劳动力。一旦工作完成，其中的很多人就会参与到其他的建筑工作中或是城镇中的工厂工作中，并成为其中的不断壮大的工人阶级。

五、托福阅读TPO27答案

D. To highlight a similarity between vintage and modern violins. The wood was coated with a local varnish before it was crafted into violins.   16. The professor describes an experiment in which wood was exposed to a fungus before  being made into a violin. What point does the professor make about the fungus. She believes it was written for readers with scientific backgrounds. C? A. It was probably invented by the Aztecs.  B. It is a relatively modern development in agriculture. C. B. Charges in the designs of chinampas over time. To ask about the suitability of a topic he wants to write about. D.   5. What additional information does the professor suggest that the student include in his paper?  A. A comparison of traditional and modern farming technologies.  B. B. To encourage the student to do more research.  C. To point out how much labor was required to build chinampas. It requires soil that is rich in nutrients. Why has the student come to see the professor?  A. To find out her reaction to a paper he recently submitted. She has no opinion about it, because she has not read it. D. It decomposes only certain species of trees.   17. C. To explain why tropical wood cannot be used to make violins. Reasons why chinampas are often overlooked in history books.    Lecture 3  6. What does the professor mainly discuss?  A. Comparisons between land animals and ocean-going animals of the Mesozoic era. B. Comparisons between sauropods and modern animals. C. Possible reasons why sauropods became extinct. D. New theories about the climate of the Mesozoic.   7.  What point does the professor make when she compares blues whales to large land animals?  A. Like large land animals, blue whales have many offspring.  B. Like large land animals, blue whales have proportionally small stomachs.  C. The land environment provides a wider variety of food sources than the ocean. D. The ocean environment reduces some of the problems faced by large animals.    8. According to the professor, what recent finding about the Mesozoic era challenges an  earlier belief?  A. Sauropod populations in the Mesozoic era were smaller than previously believed. B. Oxygen levels in the Mesozoic era were higher than previously believed. C. Ocean levels in the Mesozoic era fluctuated more than previously believed. D. Plant life in the Mesozoic era was less abundant than previously believed.   9. Compared to small animals, what disadvantages do large animals typically have? Click  on 2 answers.  A. Large animals require more food.  B. Large animals have fewer offspring.  C. Large animals use relatively more energy in digesting their food. D. Large animals have greater difficulty staying warm.   10. Why does the professor discuss gastroliths that have been found with sauropod fossils? A. To show that much research about extinct animals has relied on flawed methods. B. To show that even an incorrect guess can lead to useful research.  C. To give an example of how fossils discoveries have cast doubt on beliefs about modern  animals.  D. To give an example of a discovery made possible by recent advance in technology.    11. What did researchers conclude from their study of sauropods and gastroliths?  A. That gastroliths probably helped sauropods to store large quantities of plant material in their  stomachs.  B. That sauropods probably used gastroliths to conserve energy.  C. Thatsauropods may not have used gastroliths to aid their digestion. D. Thatsauropods probably did not ingest any stones.   Lecture 4  12. What is the lecture mainly about?  A. Various ways color theory is used in different fields. B. Various ways artists can use primary colors.  C. Aspects of color theory that are subject of current research. D. The development of the first thery of primaru colors.   13. What does the professor imply about the usefulness of the theory of primary colors? A. It is not very useful to artists.  B. It has been very useful to scientists.  C. It is more useful to artists than to psychologist.  D. It is more useful to modern-day artists than to artists in the past.   14. Why does the professor mention Isaac Newton?  A. To show the similarities between early ideas in art and early ideas in science.  B. To explain why mixing primary colors does not produce satisfactory secondary colors. C. To provide background information for the theory of primary colors. D. To point out the first person to propose a theory of primary colors.   15. According to the professor, what were the results of Goethe’s experiments with color?  Click on 2 answers.  A. The experiments failed to a connection between colors and emotions. B. The experiments showed useful connections between color and light.  C. The experiments provided valuable information about the relationships between colors. D. The experiments were not useful until modern psychologists reinterpreted them.    16. According to the professor, why did Runge choose the colors red, yellow, and blues as the  three primary colors?  A. He felt they represented natural light at different times of the day. B. He noticed that they were the favorite colors of Romantic painters.  C. He performed several scientific experiments that suggested those colors. D. He read a book by Goethe and agreed with Goethe’s choices of colors.   17. What does the professor imply when he says this:  A. Many people have proposed theories about primary colors. B. Goethe discovered the primary colors by accident.  C. Goethe probably developed the primary color theory before reading Runge’s letter. D. Goethe may have been influenced by Runge’s ideas about primary colors.    Answers: Section 1: 1B 2D 3C 4A 5C 6B 7C 8D 9AD 10B 11A 12C 13B 14D 15B 16A 17B   Section 2: 1C 2B 3D 4A 5C 6B 7D 8D  9AB 10B 11C 12D 13A 14C 15AC 16A  17D.  B. Why does the professor say this:  A. To find out how much exposure students have had to live classical music? A. She is convinced that it is not completely accurate. To clarify how modern violin makes select wood? A. It decomposes only certain parts of the wood. B. To explain why crops grown on chinampas should not be considered hydroponic.  4. What does the professor think about the article the students mentions.  D.   15. To point out a factual error in an article the class was assigned to read. C. To emphasize that the topic selected for a paper needs to be more specific?  A. It was recently discovered in a vintage Cremonese violin.  B. She thinks it is probably too short to be useful to the student. D. The trees that produced the wood grew in an unusually cool climate. To ask about the difference between chinampas and hydroponics.  2. What does the professor imply about hydroponics.  B. To make a point about the beauty of violin music.    Section 2 Conversation 2  1. What factor accounts for the particular density differential of the wood used in the  Cremonese violins?  A. The trees that produced the wood were harvested in spring. B. To use student experiences to support his point about audience members.  C. To indicated that instruments are harder to master than audience members realize. D. D. To explain what causes variations in density in a piece of wood.  C. It was found only in the forests of northern Italy. C. The wood was allowed to partially decay before being made into violins. D. Why does the professor discuss the growth cycle of tree? A14. It is most successful when extremely pure water is used.    3. Why does the professor describe how chinampas were made.  C. Differences in how various historians have describedchinampas. D