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Jazz has been called "the art of expression set to music", and "America's great contribution to music". It has functioned as popular art and enjoyed periods of fairly widespread public response, in the "jazz age" of the 1920s, in the "swing era" of the late 1930s and in the peak popularity of modern jazz in the late 1950s. The standard legend about Jazz is that it originated around the end of the 19th century in New Orleans and moved up the Mississippi River to Memphis, St. Louis, and finally to Chicago. It welded together the elements of Ragtime, marching band music, and the Blues. However, the influences of what led to those early sounds goes back to tribal African drum beats and European musical structures. Buddy Bolden, a New Orleans barber and cornet player, is generally considered to have been the first real Jazz musician, around 1891.

　　What made Jazz significantly different from the other earlier forms of music was the use of improvisation. Jazz displayed a break from traditional music where a composer wrote an entire piece of music on paper, leaving the musicians to break their backs playing exactly what was written on the score. In a Jazz piece, however, the song is simply a starting point, or sort of skeletal guide for the Jazz musicians to improvise around. Actually, many of the early Jazz musicians were bad sight readers and some couldn't even read music at all. Generally speaking, these early musicians couldn't make very much money and were stuck working menial jobs to make a living. The second wave of New Orleans Jazz musicians included such memorable players as Joe Oliver, Kid Ory, and Jelly Roll Morton. These men formed small bands and took the music of earlier musicians, improved its complexity, and gained greater success. This music is known as "hot Jazz" due to the enormously fast speeds and rhythmic drive.

　　A young cornet player by the name of Louis Armstrong was discovered by Joe Oliver in New Orleans. He soon grew up to become one of the greatest and most successful musicians of all time, and later one of the biggest stars in the world. The impact of Armstrong and other; talented early Jazz musicians changed the way we look at music.

　　1. The Passage answers which of the following questions?

　　(a) Why did Ragtime, marching band music, and the Blues lose popularity after about 1900?

　　(b) What were the origins of Jazz and how did it differ from other forms of music?

　　(c) What has been the greatest contribution of cornet players to music in the twentieth century?

　　(d) Which early Jazz musicians most influenced the development of Blues music?

　　2. According to the passage, Jazz originated in

　　(a) Chicago

　　(b) St. Louis

　　(c) along the Mississippi river

　　(d) New Orleans

　　3. The word "welded" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

　　(a) squeezed

　　(b) bound

　　(c) added

　　(d) stirred

　　4. Which of the following distinguished Jazz as a new form of musical expression?

　　(a) the use of cornets

　　(b) "hot Jazz"

　　(c) improvisation

　　(d) New Orleans

　　5. The word "skeletal" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

　　(a) framework

　　(b) musical

　　(c) basic

　　(d) essential talented early Jazz musicians changed the way we look at music.

　　According to some scientists, migratory birds should be able to withstand the winter.

　　A bird's feathery coat is good insulation against the cold. BECause a bird is warm- blooded, its body temperature always remains constant, even if the temperature of its surroundings changes.

　　The factors that trigger migratory behavior in birds are difficult to explain. This behavior seems to be instinctive, not learned. For example, many northern species leave their summer homes while the weather is still warm and the food supply plentiful. Young arctic terns born at the arctic breeding grounds will lake off with the flock for distant lands they have never seen.

　　Bird migrations are probably regulated by the glandular system. Scientists suspect that the changing length of the day is the factor that triggers migratory behavior. In an experiment, migratory birds were kept in artificially lighted rooms. It was found that if periods of darkness were lengthened proportionately, the glands of the birds became active. These glands secrete hormones, which are chemicals that control numerous body functions. Shorter periods of daylight seem to change the hormone balance of birds, so that they retain more fat. This stored fat is the fuel that provides the energy for a long flight. The same experiment revealed that the birds became more excited as the artificial night was lengthened. It is probably no coincidence that most flocks begin their migratory flights during the night.