托福写作笔记

3.5     Convenient (2):

 1) Be convenient to live provide easy access to transportation means and facilities.

Inconvenient

3.6            Healthy:

1) Provide sb with opportunities to engage in physical activities.

2) Promote the physical healthy and development of adolescents.

3) Reduce the risks of various diseases.

        Unhealthy:  (high blood pressure 高血压;obesity 发胖)

1) Decrease physical activities and make life increasingly sedentary under mine. (type 2 diabetes 糖尿病)

2) Heighten the risk of various diseases.

3.7      Healthy (心理)：

1) Reduce excessive emotional (mental, acatiemic) stress and help people to relax.

Unhealthy:

1) Create excessive stress.

2) Lead to negative mental and physical state (stressed, anxious, depressed fatigued).

3.8      Healthy:

1) Hygienic(卫生)

2) Be free of bacterium.

3) Reduce the risks of contracting diseases.

Unhealthy:

1) Be polluted with bacterium heighten the risks of contracting diseases.

3.9   Enhance learning (1):

1) Make the learning process more efficient and interesting.

Enhance learning (2):

      1) Improve concentration and boost efficiency.

      2) Impede learning

3) Distract

3.10   Promote all-around development:

  1) Help people build strong character (persistence, courage, independence).

2) Master essential life skills.

3) Communication skills, problem-solving skills, organizing skills, leadership)

3.11   Add fun to life:

1) Serve as healthy means of entertainment.

2) Develop healthy interests and hobbies.

3.12   Foster patriotism:（爱国主义教育）

1) Contribute to abetter(煽动者)

2) Understanding and appreciation of native culture& history and foster national pride.

3.13   Promote understanding of alien cultures:

1) Contribute to a better understanding and appreciation of distinct alien cultures and histories.

3.14   Establish friendship:

1) Meet people of diverse backgrounds, widen one’s circle of friends, and build social connection.

3.15   Improve friendship:

1) Provide topics of common interests.

2) Keep in close touch with friends.

3.16   Improve family relationship:

Estrange family relationship:

Decrease quality time spent with family members.

3.17       Environment friendly (环保)：

               Have less or zero negative impacts on the environment.

               Promote sustainable development.

      Pollution:

               Lead to various environmental problems.

4. Develop topic sentence: (methods)

考虑三个方面因素：    Logical

                     40~60 words

                     Highlight

Example 102:

A+1: first, the building of a university improves the local economy.

1.     It is because college students usually spend huge sums of money in the community.

2.    a recent survey, suggests that 50% of Chinese college students live off campus in rented apartments.

3.    Let’s put it in numbers: suppose the university has 20,000 students. The average spending of a Chinese university student is 800 Yuan per month. Thus, the spending of the university students totals 16million Yuan (about xx dollars) per month.

4.    in consequence, the local economy will be improves considerably:

5.    as [ ], [ ], has put it,”students are one of the biggest driving forces of the economy.”

Example 149：

A+1：for starters, separate schools enhance learning for adolescents.

1.     In is because in single sex schools, teenagers can concentration 100% on studies.

2.    Scientific studies have found the concentration level of students in single-sex school is 20% higher than those in coed schools.（引）

3.    Naturally, students’ academic performances will be improved considerably: better scores/higher chances of going to top universities. Eventually, better jobs and higher incomes.（果）

4.    in contrast if teenagers attend the same schools get distanced suffer drops in scores.(反)

主题句展开方法：

1.     因：上推原因；

2.    引：引用例子；

3.    数：用数字说话；

4.    果：下说结果；

5.    反：与原因相反的；

6.    改：改写前面的话。

具体说：

1.     Case:

It is because ……

              There are several reasons for that: first… second…

2.       Exemplify:

Personal stories ……/Famous people ……/Extreme scenarious ……

Take……for example:

……is a case in point.

Suppose……what will happen？

3.       Authoritative sources:

Claim that/suggest that/find that……

4.       Quantify:

Let’s put it in numbers

5.       Reverse:

In contract,……/otherwise……

6.       Paraphrase:

As [ ], [ ], has wisely put it,“……”.

7.       Effect:

As a result, in consequence, naturally,……

Eventually, in the long term,……

8.       Detailization(自创词):

二、独立写作的框架

　　(开头50字，结尾50字，中间分三段，每段80个字。)

　　Definition

　　1.1Hook History

　　Importance

　　1. Introduction Controversy

　　Quotation

　　1.2 Bridge

　　1.3 Main point

　　1.1 Hook常用表达：

　　1. Contrary to what most people believe, ( ) are not a modern concept.

　　1.11 History 2. ( ) have a venerable history, dating back to thousands of years ago.

　　3. ( ) have a history nearly as long as human civilization itself.

　　4. Ancient Chinese/ ancient Egyptians/ ancient Indians/ cavemen ( ).These activities can be seen as the earliest forms of ( ).

　　1. ( ) be playing an increasingly important role in ( ).

　　2. ( ) be an indispensable part in ( ).

　　1.12Importance 3. ( ) has/ve had enormous (tremendous) impacts (influences/effects) on every aspect (fact) of ( ).

　　4. ( ) has/ve evolved into a multi-billion dollar industry.

　　1. Opinions about ( )’s effects on ( ) have varied.

　　1.13Controversy

　　2. Has created considerable controversy in/among ( ).

　　Native (本土化)

　　1.14Quotation Explanation ( sb ), one of the greater and most influential (most brilliant, foremost) Chinese (philosophers, scholars, educators, thinkers, writers, artists, statesmen, military, leaders, scientists …)(of the 20th century) remarked (commented, has put it),“…”.

　　Imagination (Mencius) history is a clear mirror, history is a bright lamp, history is a wise teacher.

　　(Confucius 子曰)具体内容见讲义附录

　　Introduction 除了用hook 之外，还可以用 question (bridge) 的格式来写。

　　Bridge quotation (hook)

　　Main point MP

　　1.2Bridge的常用表达 设问法 1.the question is“…”

　　2.( )constantly find themselves confronted.

　　虚拟观点 — some educators argue that adolescents are encourage to study more.

　　1.3Main point 设问法(回答问题)—— I believe the answer is yes (no).

　　虚拟观点 —— I (dis)agree with this opinion, the reasons are as follows.

　　2.Body：

　　Sub point 分论点

　　连接词：Logical word: First (to begin with, for starters)

　　Second

　　Finally (last, but not least)

　　并列：besides, in addition to (prep)

　　In addition, furthermore, moreover (adv)

　　递进：more important, most important, about all (adv)

　　(副词后面不能加名词)

　　转折：but, yet, however

　　让步：although, though, despite, the fact that

　　对比：on the one hand, on the other hand

　　3. Conclusion:

　　3.1 Logical word:

　　All in all, in a nutshell, in summary, in conclusion

　　3.2 Paraphrase

　　MP & gist sentence (排比方式) 讲义上有例子

　　3.3 Final comments:

　　Suggestion

　　Quotation (如果开头用了名人，结尾可以用身边的人)

　　Positive:

　　As (name), ( ), has wisely put it, “make the best of every thing.” we should explore its benefits (advantages) to the full extent to serve the best interests of ( ).

　　Negative:

　　As (name), ( ), has wisely put it,“( )”, it is high time (it is imperative) to take effective measures to reduce its negative impacts (address the problem) to promote (ensure) the interests (well- being) of ( ).

　　Positive & negative

　　(Name), ( ), has wisely put it, “everything has its good and evil sides/( ) is a double-edged sword .” as a result, we should … and, in the meantime, …to…

三、托福考试的介绍

　　综合写作(integrated) 20分钟 主要靠听力

　　Write 理想字数150字/20分钟

　　理想分数3~4分

　　独立写作(independent) 30分钟

　　理想字数350字/25分钟

　　理想分数4~5分

　　算分方法：(integrated + independent)/2*6

　　POOL:

　　熟练掌握题库185道题目，最少读三遍，对题目进行分类(合并题目，掌握热点)

　　Education

　　Learning

　　托福考试热点 Environment

　　Lessons in life

　　Modern technology

　　Mass media