【托福培训-写作】新托福点评（三）

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

　　Most of environmental issues are too complicated, so individuals can do nothing.

　　考查的是环境类话题，环境类话题是托福写作中近期的热门话题。首先要明白重大的环境问题有下面一些：

　　(1)全球变暖：

　　(2)臭氧层破坏：

　　(3) 酸雨：

　　(4)淡水资源危机：

　　(5)资源、能源短缺：

　　(6)森林锐减：

　　(7)土地荒漠化：

　　(8)物种加速灭绝：

　　(9)垃圾成灾：

　　历年来与环境有关的话题有如下：

　　2009 .6.5

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:

　　Solving environmental problems is the best way for the government to improve public health.

　　2008.4.26

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:

　　The government should give priority to improving healthcare than to solving environmental problems.

　　本题可以利用两边倒格式来写作

　　第一段：背景+表明作者自己观点。In recent years , an increasing number of people are aware of the seriousness of the environmental issue ,which has aroused deep concern. Many people ,if not most ,are strong believers in the claim that environmental problems are beyond the individuals’ control .however ,I can not agree with them fully.

　　第二段：一方面：政府和企业对于很多棘手的(thorny)环境问题的解决起了至关重要的作用(play a pivotal role in).接下来通过分类列举的方式分别论述政府和企业为环境保护所作的努力。如中国政府限塑令(Plastics Limiting Rule)颁布之后，减少了白色污染(white pollution),塑料购物袋的使用量可以减少2/3左右。同时节约了制作塑料袋的原材料—— 石油，“限塑令”每年可节约石油240万-300万吨。就企业而言，汽车制造企业使用清洁能源(clean-energy car)代替以汽油为动力(Gasoline-powered)的汽车，能从根本上解决汽车尾气污染问题。

　　第三段：但是另一方面，个人在所有的环境问题的解决中的作用都是不可忽视，只有个人做出实在的努力(exert real efforts)，环境问题才能真正解决。如限塑令颁布后，如果公众没有意识到使用一次性塑料袋(disposable plastic bags)的严重性，他们依然会花钱购买塑料袋后乱扔，这对白色污染的解决没有任何作用。其次人们的任何的细微的举动都能为环保做出贡献。比如减少吃肉，因为肉类产品的生产会消耗大量的农业资源和能源，排放温室气体。

　　最后一段总结一下：我承认对于大部分的复杂的环境的问题的解决企业和政府起重要作用，但是个人的贡献依然是很重要，个人应该从自己做起，改变环境(Protect environment start from myself)。

　　本文可以参照的文章

　　Sweden promotes climate-friendly food choices

　　Guidelines for climate-friendly food choices developed by the Swedish authorities recommend citizens to reduce their meat and rice consumption as a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The first of their kind, the guidelines are now being sent out for reactions and inspiration from other EU countries.

　　"Meat – beef, lamb, pork and chicken – is the food group that has the greatest impact on the environment," state the guidelines, jointly drafted by the Swedish National Food Administration and the country's Environmental Protection Agency.

　　The authorities note that Swedes' meat consumption has grown by an average ten kilos per person over the past ten years and now totals 65 kilos.

　　According to the World Bank, demand for food is expected to increase by 50% by 2050, and demand for meat by 85%, mainly as emerging economies like China and India become richer and adopt Western-style eating habits, rich in meat and dairy products.

　　The document, entitled 'Environmentally-smart Food Choices', recommend eating meat less often and in smaller quantities. "Try to exchange one or two meat dishes a week against vegetarian meals or decrease the quantity of meat," the document reads, explaining that such behaviour will lower people's climate-change footprint.

　　The document further lists various facts on the environmental impact of different foods. For example, one kilo of beef contributes up to 15-25 kilos of greenhouse gases - which is ten times more than the carbon footprint of the equivalent amount of chicken.

　　"Eating less meat, and making careful choices about what you eat, is therefore the smartest environmental choice you can make," the authorities state.

　　In addition to information on climate and the environment, the guidelines list the health aspects related to different foodstuffs, their recommended daily intake and the consequences of over-consumption. "With a few exceptions, healthy food choices can also go hand in hand with choices that are good for the environment," the guidelines read.

　　Foods covered include meat, fish, seafood, fruits, berries, starches, fats and even water. Recommendations range from eating seasonal, locally-produced fruits, vegetables and berries, avoiding bottled water, soda and palm oil and limiting rice consumption as its cultivation produces methane.

　　The Swedish authorities are the first in Europe to develop such recommendations. They will be sent out to other EU countries to guage reactions before being released.

　　"Provided there are no serious objections," the process should be completed within three months, the authorities noted, hoping that the guidelines will inspire authorities in other countries to follow Sweden's example.

　　"Consumers make important environmental choices when they are food-shopping, so they need a sound basis on which to make their decisions. Food production accounts for roughly a quarter of Swedish consumers' climate-impacting emissions, and also contributes to other harmful environmental effects, for example through the use of pesticides," said Inger Andersson, director-general of the National Food Administration.

　　瑞典推行环境友好型食物

　　瑞典政府推出的环境友好型食物规范建议人们减少肉类及谷类食物的食用量，以在某种程度上减少温室气体的排放。因为这样的规范是第一次问世，这一规范现在正在被散发到欧盟其他成员国家，希望他们对此规范作出回应和提出建议。

　　由瑞典国家食品部和国家环境保护署共同起草的“规范”指出：“肉类——牛肉、羊肉、猪肉以及鸡肉——是对环境影响最大的食品。”

　　当局注意到瑞典的肉类消费量在过去的十年中平均每人增加了10公斤，现今已经一共达到了65公斤。

　　世界银行的数据显示，到2050年，全球食品需求预计将增长50%，而对肉类食品的需求则会增长85%，这主要源于新兴经济体如中国、印度经济的发展，并开始接受西方以肉类和奶制品为主的饮食习惯。

　　题名为“环保明智的食品选择”文件建议减少食用肉类次数以及每次的食用量。“试试每周将一两道肉菜换成素菜，或减少肉类食物的量，”文件中如此写道，并解释说此种行为将减慢人们的气候足迹。

　　该文件还进一步列出了各种食物对环境影响程度的数据。如，1公斤的牛肉将会导致15-25公斤温室气体的排放，这是等量鸡肉的碳足迹(碳排放量)的10倍。

　　当局指出：“少吃点肉，在食品选择上不马虎，是你能为环境所作出的再明智不过的选择”

　　除了关于气候和环境的信息之外，该规范还列出了各种食品的营养健康特性、推荐每日食用量及过量食用的后果。规范上指出“虽然有个别特例，但选择健康食品和选择环保食品通常是没有冲突的。”

　　规范中提及了肉类、鱼、海产品、水果、浆果、淀粉类食物、油脂甚至于水。而提供的建议则有食用时令食品、本地水果、蔬菜浆果，避免瓶装水、苏打水及棕榈油的食用，以及限制稻米消费，因为甲烷会在其种植过程中产生。

　　瑞典当局是欧洲第一个提出这种建议的国家。这些建议在发布前将被送往其他欧盟国家，以估量公众对其的反应。

　　当局表示“若没有严厉的反对意见，”该规范公布进程应该于三个月内完成。当局希望此规范的出台能引导其他欧盟国家效仿瑞典的做法。

　　“消费者们在他们购买食品的同时也对环境作出举足轻重的选择，因此他们需要一个健全的基础原则来规范他们的选择。瑞典消费者1/4对气候有影响的排放均来自于食品，与此同时这也促成了其他有害的环境效应，例如杀虫剂的使用。”瑞典食品部主任英格尔安德松如是说。