【托福培训-阅读】解题技巧--简化句子题

一.题干

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Uncorrected choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

二.例题

(一)例题1

Many ecologists now think that(许多生态学家现在认为) the relative long-term stability of climax communities (主语，of引导的所属结构翻译为…的，但是谓语动词要和of前面的主词一致)comes not from(表示一个隐性的因果关系) diversity but from the "patchiness" of the environment(这个句子由逗号分开的), an environment that(定语从句，修饰environment) varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform(这句话是插入语，表示进一步的补充说明). A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep food web intact.解决问题的时候要找主干和逻辑关系。

1.表示隐性的因果关系的词：

表示导致含义：

a.lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce, make等使役动词，support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt.

b.由……而来：come from, result from, originate derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attributable to, be responsive to.

c.反映,体现：reflect, present, suggest, show y, demonstrate.

d.考虑至… 依赖…：given, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on, resort to.

c.条件关系：if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as,虚拟条件句

f.分词短语\不定式\独立主格作状语

2.插入语：插入语是一种独立成分，通常与句中其他成分没有 语法上的关系。

插入语大都是对一句话进行附加说明或解释，通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成，常置于句首、 句中或句末，一股用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。

3.这个题目中的正确选项是D，A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of M organisms.

A. Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.和原句中的主要信息不符，所以错误

B. Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity. 与文中有更多的物种的信息不符，所以错误。

C. Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments原文中并没有提到这个信息，而且前后之间的逻辑关系是错误的。

4.插入语的出现形式：副词(副词短语);形容词(形容词短语);介词短语;非谓语动词短语(分词;不定式);5句子

(二)例题2

These plants(主语) are termed opportunists(被叫做机会主义者) because they rely on their seeds’ falling into settings where (定语从句)competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank(已经腐蚀的河岸), on landslips, or where (与前面的短语并列)a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy. 这些植物被称为机会主义者•因为他们依靠 其种子落入那些竞争者们已经被大自然淘汰了的地方生长而成活，如被侵蚀了的河岸、山崩之处或在由于树木倒下而在森林冠层中 形成的空隙处等。

A. Because their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present, dandelions are classified as opportunists.因为它们的种子竞争的植物不在了，蒲公英被分类叫做机会主义者。所以A对

B. Dandelions are called opportunists because they contribute to(导致了) the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy.原文中并没有提到，所以错误。

C. The term opportunists apply to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other plants.逻辑关系错误，与原文不符，错误。

D. The term opportunists apply to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processes.与原文不符，错误

(三)例题

Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas (大的风力发电厂影响了鸟儿的飞行模式), and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that(引起定语从句) prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines(同样的山脊线) that are ideal for wind turbines(涡轮机).

A. Hawks, falcons, and eagles prefer to hunt along ridge lines, where wind turbines can kill large numbers of migratory birds. 把次要信息当做主要信息，并没有把原文中并列的关系都说出来。

B. Wind turbines occasionally cause migratory birds to change their flight patterns and therefore may interfere with the areas where birds of prey prefer to hunt.这句话中therefore表示的是因果关系，但是在原文中并没有提到这个关系。所以此选项错误。

C. Some of the best locations for large wind farms are places that may cause problems for migrating birds and birds of prey.此选项正确。

D. Large wind farms in certain areas kill hawks, falcons, and eagles and thus might create a more ideal path for the flight of migratory birds. 把次要信息当做主要信息，而且弄错了因果关系，所以此选项错误。

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