关于新托福阅读部分加试题的说明

加试题是一种收集研究数据、测试新研发试题难度及可靠性的手段。这是保证广大考生获得公平、精确和有效的测试而开展的标准化工作的核心部分。但考生在应试过程中不会被告知哪道题是加试题。因此在考试时需要把每道题都按照考试题认真对待。要想判断加考题，只有考试结束，大家互相比对自己做到的题目，那些不是每个人都做到的题目才是加考题。

以下是重复频率较高的一些经典加试段落(听力部分): 

新托福听力段落经典加试题(一) Ragtime Music 

Ragtime介绍了一种流行于美国十九世纪左右名为ragtime的音乐，能够表现年青人的活力(spirit of youth)之类的，此乐流行是由于piano的关系，因为两者真是太搭配了。在那个年代，在各种场合都用钢琴。此乐当时流行程度，（like Rock & Roll在某一时期一样）。这里出现考点，女学生说了一堆后，来了一句 I just don't get it，意思是要教授explain，还说piano 之所以当时那么受欢迎，一是因为它能与音律产生和谐，另一是因为当时它算一种财富地位的象征什么的symbol of wealth and status。再加上，那个年代，大家都没钱，就去public concert or restaurant什么的听音乐，而piano声音够响亮，又和ragtime music rhythm搭配的天衣无缝，所以，两者相得益彰这个音乐年轻人很喜欢，因为很有激情。除了到处演出啊，park演出等不用钢琴，因为难搬(出现考点)because of transportation problem。 同时，此乐也是 jazz的前身，因为演奏者不按牌理出牌，一首曲七个人弹，弹出七种调。这种regtime音乐影响很远啊，例如现在的jazz就是从那发展来的。

Ragtime 拉格泰姆音乐(1890-1915期间在美国流行的一种音乐) 

Ragtime is an American musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1899 and 1918. It has had several periods of revival since then and is still being composed today. Ragtime was the first truly American musical genre, predating jazz. It began as dance music in popular music settings years before being published as popular sheet music for piano. Being a modification of the then popular march, it was usually written in 2/4 or 4/4 time (meter) with a predominant left hand pattern of bass notes on odd-numbered beats and chords on even-numbered beats accompanying a syncopated melody in the right hand. A composition in this style is called a "rag". A rag written in 3/4 time is a "ragtime waltz".

Ragtime is not a "time" (meter) in the same sense that march time is 2/4 meter and waltz time is 3/4 meter; it is rather a musical genre that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter. The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which melodic accents fall between metrical beats. This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizing notes that either anticipate or follow the beat. The ultimate (and intended) effect on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat, thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the "King of Ragtime", called the effect "weird and intoxicating". He also used the term "swing" in describing how to play ragtime music: "Play slowly until you catch the swing...".[1] The name swing later came to be applied to an early genre of jazz that developed from ragtime. Converting a non-ragtime piece of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as "ragging" the piece. Original ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, four being the most common number. 

新托福听力段落经典加试题(二)  浪漫主义诗歌

literature 主要讲了18-19 世纪英国浪漫主义(Romanticism)诗歌的代表人Wardsworth的诗。他是浪漫主义的鼻祖，但浪漫主义这个称谓是后人加上的，不是他们本身这样称呼自己的（此处出题）。Romanticism不是我们平时理解的romance，和男女之间的爱情无关。Romanticism针对的是common people而不是少数educated people，用的是simple language，描述的是日常生活中常见的事物，孩子，人类情感，以及自然和人类之间的互动。教授以自己为例，说自己在散步时感受到了这种互动（此处出题）与romanticism针锋相对的一种风格是neoclassicism新古典主义，也是那位romanticism的鼻祖很反对的。neoclassicism使用太多的elaboration，如sky不叫sky，而叫blue什么的；bird不叫bird，而叫feathered person。教授把该诗人的作品分为三个阶段。早期的浪漫主义作品，主要描述植物的(花与草)诗歌。 中期时是对一些社会现象的评论。后期时对早期的作品进行修改。目前文学界还是认为它早期的作品是最好的。（教授还说，他的诗越写到后来越糟糕，反而早期的比较好，本文重点讲了他第一阶段的诗）。

wordsworth, as we have said, is the chief representative典型的 of some of the most important principles原则 in the romantic movement, but he is far more a member of any movement, through his supreme poetic expression of some of the greatest spiritual ideals he belongs among the five or six greatest English poets.

first, he is the profoundest interpreter of nature in all poetry. his feeling for nature has two aspects. he is keenly sensitive, and in a more delicately discriminating way than any of his predecessors, to all the external beauty and glory of nature, especially inanimate nature of mountains, woods and fields, streams and flowers, in all their infinitely varied aspects. a wonderful joyous and intimate sympathy with them is one of his controlling impulses. 

In the second place, wordswoth is the most consistent of all the great English poets of democracy, though here as elsewhere his interest is mainly not in the external but in the spiritual aspect of things. 

the obstinacy and these poems are only the most conspicuous result of w's chief temperamental defect, which was an almost total lack of the sense of humor. regarding himself as the prophet of a supremely important new gospel, he never admitted the possibility of error in his own point of view and was never able to stand aside from his poetry and criticize it dispassionately.

新托福听力段落经典加试题(三) - 神经元细胞

lecture神经胶质细胞研究。教授说早期对人类大脑的研究集中在神经细胞neuron，让一男生起来回答上节课的主要内容，男生说生物电生物电bioelectricity 通过神经细胞传导，通过两个神经细胞的接触点传到下一个细胞，有趣的是。。说到这里被教授打断，说他答得已经很完整了（有题，问教授打断他的用意）。神经胶质细胞glial cells的作用在早期被忽视了，人们认为胶质细胞只有支持神经细胞的作用。后来人们发现胶质细胞也有传导信息的作用，不是通过生物电，而是化学物质传导。于是总共有三种传导方式，神经细胞间，胶质细胞间，神经和胶质细胞互相传导。而且发现胶质细胞的数量及其巨大，远多于神经细胞。同时还可能有修复神经细胞，决定哪些神经长的大［记得可能不准］。教授又说，胶质细胞可能与智力有关，越多智商越高，但这不确定。教授说对胶质细胞的研究是一个很open up的领域，建议学生们可以考虑毕业后作深入研究（有题）。 

重要：biology 讲glial cell。以往人们对神经传导的研究仅限于neuron（神经元），也叫nerve cell。神经传导通过electrical communication从一个结点传到另一个结点，神经元被认为起主要作用，glial cell研究的很少，一直被忽略，被看作help the growth of neurons  (出题)，起辅助作用。后来偶然发现大脑中glial cell比neuron的数目多很多，glial cell引起了科学家的重视，开始研究它究竟起什么作用（此处出题，问glial cell怎么引起科学家注意的）。后来有一重大突破， 发现glial cell传导信号不是用的electrical signal，而是用chemical conductor（一说chemical communication）（此处出题）。传统观点一直误以为glial cell也像nerve cell一样用电信号。后来谈到glial cell可能的作用：使人更intelligent。对glial cell的认识目前十分有限，但相关研究已经开始流行，是大家毕业之后可选的研究课题（此处出题） 

Glial cell is thought to help the growth of neurons. However, scientists accidentally discover that glial's amount is much more than the neuron. So glial attract people's attention. They use chemical conductor to communicate with others. So glial to neuron, g to n, g to g, n to n are all available. In the past glial was thought to support nerve cell.  

Glial cells (神经胶质细胞)and Neurons （神经细胞）

Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the human brain, glia are estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.[1]

Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons, the other main type of cell in the central nervous system. They are thus known as the "glue"胶水 of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place固定, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons供养, to insulate one neuron from another隔开, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons破坏病菌，转移死N.

Glia was discovered in 1856 by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a 'connective tissue' in the brain大脑的连接组织.The human brain contains about ten times more glial cells than neurons. [1] Following its discovery in the late 19th century, this fact underwent significant media distortion, emerging as the famous myth claiming that "we are using only 10% of our brain". The role of glial cells as managers of communications in the synapse突触 gap, thus modifying learning pace, has been discovered only very recently 

In addition to neurons, the nervous system is populated with another category of cells, glial cells. Glial cells are approximately 10 times more plentiful than neurons, but since they are approximately one-tenth the size, they take up equal size, glia is a Greek term meaning glue, researches originally believed that glial cells served as the putty that held the neurons together, recent research indicates that these cells provide very important contributions.

a neuron is the functioning unit of the nervous system, specialized to receive, integrate, and transmit information, the flow of information moves in the following direction.

新托福听力段落经典加试题 (四) - 大王花　  

大王花〔腐尸花〕的介绍 

俗名：腐尸花(Corpse flower)，莱佛士亚花（Rafflesia）,学名：Rafflesia 

中文科名：大花草科, 英文科名：Rafflesiaceac 

简介： 大王花一般的直径为108公分，最大纪录可达126公分，大王花为雌、雄异花。一朵花有五个瓣，三十多斤重，花中心可装十多斤水。果实为直径约15公分的球体，具木质化、棕色的表面，充满乳白色、富脂质的果肉及上千个红棕色的种子于其中。

大王花它没有叶子，也没有茎，它是种寄生植物，专靠吸取别的植物的营养来生活。它的种子很小，用肉眼几乎难以看清。它的种子传播也有点懒气，小种子带粘性，当大象或其它动物踩上它时，就会被带到别的地方生根、发芽，进行繁殖。大王花生长在马来西亚、印度尼西亚的爪哇和苏门答腊等热带森林中。

大王花生长在500－700公尺高度的热带雨林中，由于没有四季之分，所以不一定会在什么时候冒出来。不过根据当地人的说法，每年的5～10月，是它最主要的生长季。当它刚冒出地面时，大约只有乒乓球那么大，经过几个月的缓慢生长，花蕾有乒乓球般的体积，变成了甘蓝菜般的大小，接着5片肉质的花瓣缓缓张开，等花儿完全绽放已经过了两天两夜了。令人难以相信的是，大王花好不容易开出来的巨大花朵，居然只能维持4～5天，而且在这4～5天中，花朵会不断地释放出一种奇特的臭味，好让大型的动物自然迴避，而让一些逐臭的昆虫来为它传粉做媒。当花瓣凋谢时，会化成一堆腐败的黑色物质，不久，果实也成熟了，里头隐藏着许许多多细小的种子，随时准备掉入地中，找寻适当的发芽地点。

大王花的名字是取自英殖民地时的Sir Stamford Raffles。1818年时，Sir Stamford Raffles和他的朋友Dr. James Arnold在Manna这个地方发现了最大的大王花品种（直径40公分，重7公斤），并取名Rafflesia arnoldii。目前被确定的品种共有16种，而16种大王花的品种皆生长在东南亚一带，印尼的苏门打腊（Sumatra） 和 加哇岛 （Java）；马来西亚（拥有15个品种）。

遗憾的是，由于鲜少人知道此花的繁殖的方法，所以只能依赖自然传播，加上此花拥有药用价值（用于妇女分娩），故被采割，此外，长出大王花的地方被视为土地肥沃，而使用於其他用途；没有良好的保护导致大王花逐渐减少。无论如何，1997年沙巴野生保护法令制定，大王花为保护植物。在2002年，有关当局发现44/83的大王花在保护环境以外，故此，他们派员寻找、监督，并希望将来大王花与其生长的环境可以不再受破坏。

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