Note-taking Gap filling （NTGF）

从听力的音带文字来看，这次考试的NTGF话题不难，脉络清晰，但词汇难度较大，因此做笔记应该按照“纲目条”的技巧来记录。文章一开始就提出了主题，即对妇女而言，家务活是一种被迫接受的工作（imposed occupation）， 而社会对这份“工作”也有不同的两种观点， 演讲者对两种观点分别做阐述，值得一提的是，这种“两分法”(dichotomy) 也是NTGF部分常见脉络，考生需要注意。

演讲者首先提出了做全职主妇的负面看法。很多家庭主妇这份工作，并不是心甘情愿的（not congenial），这是一份“奴仆的工作”menial labor, 但是妇女的工作非常重要，因为对于任何社会来讲，男人承担了很多重要的工作，比如造船、伐木和军队，他们在家需要妇女来提供服务，否则社会无法正常运作，但是这些工作没有酬劳、没有晋升的机会，一眼望得到头（dead-end job, no promotion, no detailed nature），而这些工作因为没有“详细的工作描述” （detailed job description）, 工作不需要与他人竞争, 妇女感觉自己的能力退化了，被社会边缘化了,人生也就觉得没有成就感 (deteriorating, alienating, inadequate) 而因为我们的社会被分成了很多不同的单元(Our society is organized in units)， 因此，妇女感觉到了“孤独”(isolation), 而这份孤独感对人有负面心理作用（negative psychological effects）。

而对于这份工作的正面看法是，在西方社会，这份工作也并不是那么单调沉闷 (full of drudgery) 、也并非让人感觉是“奴仆的工作”，难度也不高，如果从home-builder这个角度看，这份工作也能有成就感。全职主妇的工作没有压力，可以比较自由地安排工作时间，而她们得工作为社会提供实际效益(tangible benefits), 因此她们的工作让家庭成员和社会受益匪浅。

Listening Translation:

句子听译部分文字及参考翻译

1.     Americans watch television almost every night and attend movies regularly. So naturally TV shows and latest movies become topics of discussions.

Reading magazines such as Time and Newsweek will also keep you up to date on what is popular in America.

美国人几乎每天晚上看电视，并且经常看电影。 因此，电视节目和最新的电影就成为了热门话题。阅读包括《时代》和《新闻周刊》在内的杂志也能更新美国最新时尚潮流。

2.What are the similarities, if any, between great sales reps and great leaders? They both have solid listening skills and a very positive attitude. In addition, they never give up and get pass mistakes.

优秀销售和领导的共同之处是什么？他们都具备良好的听力技能和积极的态度。此外，他们从不放弃，从不放过错误。

3. In the late 20th century, people who were concerned with the protection of our environment launched a new form of traveling, namely the ecology-based tourism. Eco-tourism is responsible travel in natural and usually protected area.

在20世纪末，关心生活环境的人们发起了一种新型的旅游形式，也就是基于生态的旅游。生态旅游是指在自然以及通常被保护的区域进行负责任的旅游。

4. The universe has no limits. So far, we have probed only a fraction of it. Yet to travel to the frontiers of that fraction, even at 186300 miles per second, which is the speed of light, will take 6000 million years. 宇宙广无边际。至今为止我们只探索到了它很小的一部分。然而要去到我们已探索到的边缘，即使以每秒186300英里的光速行驶，也需要60亿年的时间。

5. At this remarkable moment in history, the global economy is giving more of our own people and billions around the world the chance to work and live and raise their families with dignity.  在这个特殊的历史时刻，全球经济正为越来越多的国民和几十亿世界人民提供机会，让他们能够有尊严地工作，生活，养家糊口。

Passage 1

In many western societies, including the United States, a person who does not maintain good eye contact is regarded as being slightly suspicious. Americans unconsciously associate people who avoid eye contact as unfriendly, insecure, untrustworthy, inattentive and impersonal. However, In contrast, Japanese children are taught in schools to direct their gaze at the region of their teachers’ neck or tie-knot.  And as adults Japanese lower their eyes when speaking to a superior, which is a gesture of respect. Latin American cultures, as well as some African cultures, have longer looking time. But prolonged eye contact from an individual of lower status is considered disrespectful.

在包括美国在内的很多西方国家，避免与人直视会被认为有些可疑。在潜意识中，美国人认为那些避免直视的人不友好、缺乏安全感、不值得信赖、不专心及不近人情。 然而，相比之下，日本的孩子从小在学校接受的教育是要求他们将视线落在老师的颈部或领结的位置。 因此，当与上级交流的时候，日本人会把目光降低一些，以示礼貌。在一些拉丁美洲和非洲国家，人们注视的时间会稍长些。但，社会底层人士如果长时间的注视则被认为不敬。

Passage 2

In the United States today, many college graduates claim bankruptcy so that they can avoid repaying money they borrowed from the federal government to finance their education. In fact, more than 300,000 student borrowers now owe the government over 500 million dollars. Statistics show that students are not good risks, whereas the student default rate now stands at over 12%. Banks report that non-student loan deliquency seldom exceeds 3%. Apparently the lack of money is not the only reason for nonpayment. A US government department found that 300 of its employees, some currently earning up to 63,000 dollars, have defaulted on student loans.

<如今在美国，很多大学毕业生申请破产，这样他们就不再需要偿还联邦政府的助学贷款。实际上，超过30万学生借款人现在欠美国政府超过5亿美元的贷款。数据显示，学生贷款人是很有风险的，不偿还率现在已经超过12%。银行报告显示，非学生贷款的的不偿还率是很少超过3%的。很明显，缺钱并不是不偿还贷款的唯一原因。一个美国政府部分发现，它有300名员工依然拖欠学生贷款，而其中一些人现在的收入已经超过6万美元。