托福阅读_最热门的复习技巧都在这里（二）

　　3. 原句与选项在句子的结构上符合比较结构，语义上符合

　　事实信息题中的长难句----"众里寻他千百度，所考信息在一处"

　　与句子简化题中所考的长难句不同（主要考察考生是否能把握住句子的主干信息），事实信息题的出题点针对的有可能只是该长难句的某一处细节信息。因此，考生针对这两种不同的题型，解读长难句的视角也应该有所不同。

　　例题1 (OG: Desert Formation)：

　　These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.

　　6. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated with raising crops?

　　A. Lack of proper irrigation techniques

　　B. Failure to plant crops suited to the particular area

　　C. Removal of the original vegetation

　　D. Excessive use of dried animal waste

　　解题步骤：

　　1. 读题干，找出定位词raising crops

　　2. 回原文进行定位，定位到本段第二句since…

　　3. 分析定位句："原因状语从句 + 主句"，浏览选项，只有C选项与原句的前半部分意思一致，同义转换部分：natural vegetation=original vegetation

　　例题2 (TPO 14: Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia)：

　　Paragraph 4: Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor.

　　9. According to paragraph 4, the fact that pastoralist communities are subject to "strict rules of portability" encourages such communities to

　　A. relocate less frequently than they would otherwise

　　B. have households that are more or less equal in wealth

　　C. become self-sufficient in the manufacture of silk and jewelry

　　D. share large material surpluses with neighboring communities

　　解题步骤：

　　1. 读题干，划出定位词"strict rules of portability", 发现定位词是打引号的，所以一定是原文原词

　　2. 通过定位词回原文进行定位，发现定位词所在句Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability.并不能作为本题的答案。因此，该题的难点就在于定位词不能直接帮助考生解题

　　3. 仔细阅读本段第三句话Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households, 考生会发现该句是一个以such + rules打头的句子，而此处指代的内容即为定位词"strict rules of portability", 因此极有可能本句即是答案。本句话讨论的是这些rules的影响或者结果，而题目也是在问影响，比较四个选项发现B选项与原句意思符合。同义替换部分为：limit variations in accumulated material goods=are more or less equal in wealth

　　推断题中的长难句----"从肉体升华到灵魂"

　　如果说"事实信息题"是在考察学生对于句子字面意思的理解，一种智商的考察，那么"推断题"则是在考察学生对于句子引申义的理解，一种智商与情商的双重考察。考生在应对推断题中的长难句时需要"基于事实信息，但同时又要超越事实信息"，这是一种从"肉体"到"灵魂"的升华过程。

　　例题1 (TPO 19: Discovering the Ice Age)：

　　During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. Thus, more of the heavy isotope is left behind in the ocean and absorbed by marine organisms. From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and deglaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.

　　1. In can be inferred from paragraph 5 that foraminifera fossil shells containing calcite with high percentages of oxygen-16 were deposited at times when

　　A. polar ice extended as far as equatorial regions of land and sea

　　B. extensive glaciation was not occurring

　　C. there were no great increases in ocean temperature

　　D. there was heavy snowfall on continental glaciers

　　解题步骤：

　　1. 读题干找出定位词oxygen-16, 摸清题干的大意问：在何时fossil会deposited沉淀下去？

　　2. 根据定位词回原文进行定位，定位句为During glaciations……; 该句从结构上看就是一个比较关系的句子。分析定位句大意：在冰川时代，较轻的oxygen-16会比较重的oxygen-18更有可能从海洋表面浮出。浮出evaporate正好与题干中问的沉淀deposit一次意思相反，进而推断出时间方面也应该相反，所以想要沉淀deposit必须发生在非冰川期，即glaciation was not occurring, 所以选B。

　　此题的做题思路借用了逻辑学中的"排中律"的逻辑，即有A和B两个要素构成了一个集合，文章告知其中一个要素的情况（比如A），问另外一个要素（比如B）的情况，此时，只要对已知A的情况进行取非即可。

　　例题2 (TPO 13: Methods of Studying Infant Perception)：

　　The second technique relies on evoked potentials, which are electrical brain responses that may be related to a particular stimulus because of where they originate. Changes in the electrical pattern of the brain indicate that the stimulus is getting through to the infant's central nervous system and eliciting some form of response.

　　11. In paragraph 4, what does the author suggest about the way an infant's brain perceives stimuli?

　　A. An infant's potential to respond to a stimulus may be related to the size of its brain.

　　B. Changes in the electrical patterns of an infant's brain are difficult to detect.

　　C. Different areas of an infant's brain respond to different types of stimuli.

　　D. An infant is unable to perceive more than one stimulus at a time.

　　解题步骤：

　　1.   读题干，划出定位词brain perceives stimuli

　　2. 带着定位词回原文进行定位，定位到了brain perceives stimuli的近义词表达方式electrical brain responses（此题难点之一：定位）

　　3. 分析定位词所在句子electrical brain responses may be related to a particular stimulus because of where they originate.（此题难点之二：句型）

　　句意：主句---"大脑电化学反应与某一种刺激有关：

　　原因状语---关键代词they需要弄清指代对象，这里应该是前面的responses, 因此状语部分的意思是"大脑到底和哪一个刺激有关取决于大脑反应来自于大脑的哪一个部分"

　　综合两部分意思----大脑不同部位产生的反应与不同的刺激有关，只有C选项满足这层意思。

　　此题的做题思路借用了逻辑学中的"归纳"的逻辑，归纳即一种从specific cases到general conclusion的过程。