托福培训
托福考试动态
2018-04-19 10:07
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1、词 汇
与旧托福相比,新托福的阅读考试尽管有很大改变,但大多都是形式主义,考生只要词汇基础扎实,一样可取得理想成绩。而且一般托福的词汇比较多的出现首先是在阅读里,如果考生能够一眼看过去就知道这个词什么意思,那么在阅读考试的主动权也就掌握在自己手里了,而现行托福阅读题对词汇量的要求约为8000左右,因此考生一定要配备应试新托福阅读第一兵器--词汇,要坚持把单词书完整"啃"下并彻底消化,打好词汇量基础。当然要把一整本词汇书"啃"下并消化,除了勤劳,还要注意单词的记忆技巧,不能光靠"蛮力",那样容易产生疲倦感和厌恶感,反而产生负面效果。单词的记忆技巧主要有以下几种:
★ 谐音记忆 如:lethal可记成"离骚"
★ 联想记忆 如:battlefield(战场)可以联想为"打仗battle的场所field当然就是战场啦"。
★ 比较记忆 如:形近单词ethnical和ethical相比,ethnical比ethical多个字母n,这种情况下我们可以把ethnical中的n想成nation, "种族ethnical中包含了一个民族"。
★ 发音记忆 如:exacerbate的音标为[eks'?s?(:)be?t], 遵循了发音规律,考生掌握了该单词字母组合的发音规律,边读边背,就可以很轻松的记住它了。
词群记忆 如:在背foremost一词时,考生应同时想托福阅读中foremost的解释"leading"一词。
★ 拆分记忆 如:interchangeable可以拆为前缀inter-、词根change, 后缀-able。
★ 滚动记忆 如:如果背单词表,在第一天背了10个单词,那么第二天在背新的10个单词之前必须先复习第一天背过的10个单词;第三天在背新的10个单词前先复习前两天背过的20个单词,以此类推,另外考生在背单词的过程中需要通过不断做题来复习阅读高频词,因为既然是阅读高频词,肯定在阅读的文章中是反复出现的。
2、语 法
除了词汇量较大以外,对很多考生来说,句子长并且结构复杂也是新托福阅读的障碍之一。面对长难句,考生要想能够迅速确定答案就必须能够做到长句短读,快速把握句子主干和重点,因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点。而要把握难句的主干和重点,先要弄清它们的类型,也就意味考生在准备新托福考试时必须配备第二大兵器--语法。朗阁专家建议考生重点关注以下语法:
★ 主语从句
★ 定语(包含后置定语与定语从句)
★ 同位语(包含同位语从句)
★ 宾语从句
★ 表语从句
★ 状语从句
★ 并列结构
★ 插入结构
★ 独立主格
★ 倒装句
★ 强调句
★ 虚拟语气
3、背 景 知 识
同样的考题,如果考生熟悉并掌握了阅读文章的背景知识,做起题来就会非常轻松,做题的速度和准确率也会提高很多,因此朗阁专家建议考生在新托福备考期间要努力配备另一兵器--背景知识,也就是说考生备考中要要多读一些长文章,努力积累新托福阅读中的常考文章的背景知识,题材尽量广泛,因为天文、地理、医学、历史、文化、教育、艺术等内容,在托福考题中都会涉及。而新托福阅读考试常考的背景有印第安题材的,动植物题材的(必考),考古学(archaeology)题材的,美国历史题材的等等,推荐考生多读读《国家地理杂志》和《DISCOVERY》。
4、阅 读 速 度
前面曾提到新托福的阅读文章的字数从之前的350字左右增加到目前650-700字/篇,尽管时间也相应增加了,可相对来说时间还是比较紧张的,因此快速的阅读能力是非常重要的。在此朗阁专家建议考生在备考时必须要配备第四大兵器--阅读速度。考生在练习提高阅读速度时应努力做到:
★ 扩大眼睛扫描的宽度,训练自己一眼看过至少阅读到3-5个单词。
★ 快速泛读,不同领域的书籍,理解和掌握书中主要内容即可。拓宽自己的知识面
★ 计时阅读,养成计时阅读的习惯,计时阅读每次进行5-10分钟即可,不宜太长。
★ 在加快阅读速度的同时努力迅速总结每段大意。
如果把托福的文章比喻成一座建筑物,"词汇"便是"砖块","句子"便是"梁柱"。对于一座建筑物而言少了一两块砖块并不会造成其倒塌,那么对于一篇文章而言某些单词没看懂也并不影响对于整个篇章的理解;而作为建筑物的支撑部分,梁柱却会影响该建筑物的稳定性,那么被比作梁柱的句子对于理解一篇文章而言是至关重要的,无法理解长难句会让考生首先降低阅读速度,其次影响篇章理解,最后最致命的影响是相关题型的解决----"句子简化题","事实信息题","推理题",因为这三种题型都是在直接或间接地考察学生对于长难句的理解能力。本文中笔者将从这三种题型的角度讨论如何解读长难句。
"句子简化题"中的长难句----"先见森林,后见树木"
"森林"代表的是该句话的"结构","先见森林"即考生首先应该关注的是该句话最核心的主干;"树木"代表的是该句话具体的"词汇",那么"后见树木"指考生应该在了解主干之后才关注词汇,并且只是一些key words.
<1> 因果结构
例题1 (OG: Desert Formation):
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.
C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
解题步骤:
1. 观察题干,发现表示隐形因果的短语result from
2. 浏览选项,发现A和B选项含有因果关系
3. 分析原句:原句中"因":1). 大量受到影响的土地vast areas of land; 2). 大量受到影响的人口tremendous numbers of people; 3). 很难去减慢或者颠覆沙漠化过程reverse or slow the process; 原句中"果":沙漠化是一个严重serious的问题;分析A选项:"因":1). reverse process; 2). affect large areas of land; 3). affect great numbers of people; "果":沙漠化是一个significant的问题
<2> 让步转折结构
例题2 (TPO 17: Animal Signals in the Rain Forest):
In the green-to yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish background.
7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. When an animal is signaling in an area with green-to yellow lighting condition, its signal will not be visible if the background is brightly lit.
B. In the lowest levels of the forest, an animal's signals are not easily seen unless there is a yellowish or greenish background.
C. In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions at the lowest levels of the forest, only signals that are themselves green or yellow will be bright enough to be seen in most areas.
D. Although green and yellow would be the brightest colors near the forest floor, these colors would make poor signals whenever the forest background was also in the green-to-yellow range.
解题步骤:
1. 分析题干,发现表转折的逻辑关系词but; 前半句"yellow and green会是最亮的颜色在低层森林中";后半句"但是如果动物所处的background是yellow or greenish, 那么动物发出该种颜色的信号将不明显"
2. 分析选项:只有D选项含有表让步转折的逻辑词although, 进而分析句意:前半句:"虽然green and yellow在森林底层颜色最亮";后半句:"在环境也是green to yellow的情况下,这些颜色将是poor signals"
3. 原句与选项在句子的结构上符合:转折结构;在语义上符合:lowest level of the forest=forest floor, Not very visible=poor signals
<3> 比较结构
例题3 (TPO 17: Animal Signals in the Rain Forest):
In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only.
9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The relationship between flowering plants and pollinators provides pollinators with food and flowers with efficient reproduction.
B. In some cases birds obtain food from the seeds that are dispersed in the wind.
C. The wind not only helps the flowers distribute their seeds but enables birds to find more food.
D. Animals and insects are more effective in distributing pollen and seeds than the wind.
解题步骤:
1. 分析原句,原句主要讲pollinator (insects & birds); plant; wind这三者之间的关系:具体来看是在比较对于plant来说,pollinator (insects & birds)要比wind more efficiently地帮助其distribute pollen and disperse seeds, 属于典型的比较关系
2. 分析选项,首先只有D选项含有比较关系,具体来看:animals & insects要比wind more effectively地去distribute pollen and seeds
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托福培训
托福考试动态