托福阅读_最热门的复习技巧都在这里（一）

　　1、"看透"题干

　　句子改写题的题干永远一致，所以在考试时考生一般会直接做题，不会再去关注题干。但实际上，题干本身即隐藏着此类题型的关键点。所以，"看透"题干是此类题型的第一步。

　　Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　我们来观察一下题干中的几个关键点：

　　（1） Best expresses最好表达。有考生将此处理解为在几个都挺对的选项中选一个最对的。这种理解是错误的，托福与传统中国考试内漏洞百出的题目非常不同，托福讲究科学性，考察语言能力，不会出现奇怪的做题技巧。所以对于此题来说，只有一个选项是对的，并且是非常对，另外三个选项因为各种原因，都是错的。

　　The essential information关键信息。意思是正确选项里面包含了原文黑体处的主要信息。一句话的主要信息是它的主谓宾，但实际上通过朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家对此题目的观察分析，发现大部分情况下，正确答案不只包含了原文长句的主谓宾，连一些not so essential（非重要）的信息，比如从句、插入成分等，都包含在内。这样一来是方便考生做题的，因为可以对应的点变多了，在这种情况下，信息越多的选项越有可能是正确选项。

　　Eg: The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. (TPO10-1 Chinese Pottery)

　　此句的主要意思为the tradition extends over most periods, but is less clear than..., for some reason（for后面连接句子表示原因），it结合了老的(old)和新的(later)。

　　C选项Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelains because some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed. 此选项中的几个关键意思：was created in most periods, but转折，less clear than比较级，because连接的原因状语从句，这几个意思与原文我们解读出的意思完全吻合，包括原因状语从句和比较级。因此可以看出来正确答案非常全面。

　　（2） Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways错误选项改变了重要信息。"改变了重要信息"是常见的一种干扰项模式，比如原文的某个单词是否定的（有not），但选项中这个单词成了肯定（没有not），那这肯定是改变了重要信息，反之亦然。

　　Eg: But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. (TPO6-2 William Smith)

　　A选项The discovery of regional differences in the sequences of rocks led geologists to believe that rock types could someday become reliable time markers. 原文中第二个that从句no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. 没有岩石会变为可靠的时间标记物，"no rock type"是个很重要的否定，而A选项里面将原文的否定变为肯定，因此是干扰项。

　　同样在D选项中，Because people did not catalog regional differences in sequences of rocks，it was believed that rocks could never be reliable time markers. 主句的rocks could never be reliable time markers与原文的否定是相符合的，但because引导的原因状语从句中people did not catalog regional differences的否定与原文的but as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places中的肯定是不相符的，因此是干扰项。

　　（3） Incorrect choices leave out essential information错误选项漏掉了关键信息。这是另外一种常见的干扰项模式，所以考生会发现一些选项本身的句子跟原文意思是一致的，但仍是错误答案，大部分情况都是因为该选项只是复述了原文的非重要信息，而没有把主句意思包含在内。通常表现为选项过短。

　　还是上述例句：

　　But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. (TPO6-2 William Smith)

　　C选项Smith's catalogs of rock strata indicated that the sequences of rocks are different from place to place and from region to region. 此选项便漏掉了原句的关键信息。原文中as引导的是原因状语从句，真正的主句在后面，it became clear that... that引导的两个从句才是主要意思，但C选项仅仅重复了原文的原因状语从句，没有包含主句意思，即漏掉了关键信息，所以是干扰项。

　　2、"看透"长句

　　无论英文句子长或短，都遵循一个基本原则，即一个句子只有一套主谓宾，是最主要的部分，其他成分均为补充。所以看长句子时考生千万不要恐惧，一定要牢记再长再复杂的句子被解构后仍然是最简单的主谓宾结构。

　　主语：位于长句最前面的独立名词，一般是名词、动名词。

　　谓语：主语发出的动作，是动词，注意与ed分词做后置定语相区分。

　　宾语：谓语动词的接受者。

　　长句子的常见类型有四种：含有较长引导语、被标点符号（破折号、逗号）隔开的句子、多短句、包含各种从句。

　　3、"看透"选项

　　正确答案比较一致，即与原文意思一致，但错误答案却各有各的错误标志。原理上来说，考生在原文长句尽量看懂的情况下，都能根据常见的干扰项特点将其排除掉。下面，我们在大概理解了原文长句后，通过对几个例题的分析，来看一下如何解读句子分析题的各个选项，从而总结出此类题型的解题方法。

　　Eg1: At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.

　　The animals found in the Tommotian fossil bed were once thought to belong to avariety of modern animal groups, but now they are thought to have descended from a single group.

　　Animals in the Tommotian fossil beds were initially assigned to modern animal groups but are now thought to belong to groups that emerged and died out during the Cambrian period.

　　Though at first they thought otherwise, paleontologists now agree that the animals in the Tommotian have body forms from which modern animals have descended.

　　It is unclear whether the Tommotian fossils from the early Cambrian period represent unique body forms or whether they should be assigned to various modern animal groups.

　　原文主干解读：

　　句子结构是but引导的两个简单句，有两个相对比的时间状语：at one time和now。两个简单句因为是并列关系，所以都很重要，两个句子的主要意思都要包含在正确答案中。第一个简单句中比较重要的是谓语were assigned to, 第二个简单句中比较重要的是转折but most people agree that, that引导的宾语从句中比较重要的是谓语动词represent以及that引导的定语从句中的时间arose in the early... and disappeared before the end..., 最后的伴随状语中的否定no descendants.