【托福考试】托福备考经验3则（一）

二 经验之阅读化长为短

1. 长句子

　　俗话说得好，世上本没有长难句，修饰成分多了便有了长难句。面对一个难以理解的长句子，我们首先去反应一个问题，这个句子的生词多不多?如果有较多不认识的生词，那么先从单词的查漏补缺开始做起。然而本文的重点不是单词的记忆，而是面对单词基本都认识，句子还是不理解或者读不下去的问题该怎么办。那么，问题的关键在于句子的语法结构你是否能够明析，能否快速判断出句子的主干和细节。接下来我们用一个例子加以说明。

　　A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

　　这个句子的单词难度比较适中，但是句子本身的难度并不小。原因在于句子结构比较复杂，我们来对它进行庖丁解牛。

　　A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need.

　　红色部分划出了这个句子的核心主干(即主谓宾)，间隔很大，支离破碎。注意后半部分嵌入了倒装句established in their respective communities the idea and the need，establish是及物动词，后面却加了介词in，说明此处有倒装，还原正常语序应是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒装出现的意义在于idea和need在原句中的后置定语(即蓝色划线部分)太长，为了防止头重脚轻。

　　原句中绿色部分是人名的并列，也是本句主语art collectors的同位语。紫色部分是colonists的非谓语动词后置定语，黄色部分是插入语用来进一步解释art collectors。

　　综上所述，本句运用了多种语法结构(并列，倒装，同位语，后置定语，插入语)把主干部分分割得支离破碎，如果对这些语法结构不熟悉的同学肯定会一下子摸不着头脑。而如果能够尽最大努力把握其用法，那么对阅读的速度和正确率的提升都有很大帮助。

　　翻译：几位艺术收藏家(此处省略几位艺术家名字)将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱负的艺术家们，并在他们各自的社区建立了艺术具有价值的观念和致力于鼓励其发展的机构的需要。

　　2. 长文章

　　说完句子结构，下面来说说段落和文章结构的重要性。面对比较长的段落和文章，要在短时间内快速抓住重点信息，做对题目，那么对文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真题文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落为例来讲解。

　　In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

　　对于这种较长的段落，如何快速辨别段落内部结构和句与句之间的逻辑是理解的关键。[一般来说，段落的主题常出现的位置在段首和段尾，但是也有例外，比如段落内部出现转折，那么要注意转折后的内容与前面相反而且是重点。]

　　这个段落，首句在讲两个党派的社会组成是相似的，接着的第二三句出现了both、neither表示“都”、“都不”，提出了两点相似之处。第四句出现了关键性的however，而该句以及接下来的句子主语也发生了转变，都变为两个党派的其中一个。那么，可以推断出however之后的内容与前面相反，所以段落的主题落在了Democrats和Whigs社会组成的不同之处。

三 经验之倒装句式

1.never等具有否定意义或否定形式的词或词组位于句首时用倒装。

　　常见词或词组有： not, never, rarely, little, hardly, seldom, on no account, by no means, neither, nor …

　　因此，对于倒装句“…not until the second of December did they kill their first elk.”来说，第一步先把句子变成正常语序，即把not的位置还原，第二步再理解句子。那么这个句子就变成“…they did not kill their first elk until the second of December。” “not…until”表示“直到……才”，因此句子意思为：他们直到第二年的十二月才杀死了第一批麋鹿。

　　2.当“only+状语”位于句首时表强调使用倒装。

　　例句：Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites…(TPO5-1 Minerals and Plants)

　　解析：该句是only+recently(时间状语)位于句首引起的倒装，因此该句变成正常语序为：“Investigators have only recently considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites…”,意思为：研究人员最近才考虑使用这些植物清理土壤和垃圾场。

　　3.为加强语气“so/such…that”结构中的so或such位于句首时用倒装。

　　例句：“So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture.(TPO10-1 Chinese Pottery)

　　解析：该句是“so…that”结构中的so位于句首引起的倒装，因此该句变成正常语序为：“These pieces were so admired that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture.”意思为：这些艺术品受到极高的赞赏，于是他们鼓励制陶来仿制瓷器，并激励人们研究制作方法。

　　4.主语较长，为使句子平衡或强调，倒装表语或状语。

　　这种倒装句通常是介词短语、形容词(短语)和分词(短语)位于句首。

　　如：

　　By his sides is his wife who is very elegant and beautiful.(在他旁边是他美丽优雅的妻子)

　　Green are the clouds in the sky and faded are leaves on the ground.(碧云天，黄叶地)

　　Sitting in the class are students who come from all across the China.(坐在教室里的学生来自中国各地)

　　例句：Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.(OG The Origins of Cetaceans)

　　解析：该句的主语是“fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.”其中“intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans”(哺乳动物和海洋鲸鱼之间过渡性)是“fossils”的定语。由于该句主语过长，为了使句子平衡，把表语“Missing until recently”置于句首引起倒装句。该句变成正常语序为：“Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently.”意思为“哺乳动物和海洋鲸鱼之间过渡性的化石现在找到了。”

　　5. 如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分含有were, had, 或should, 可以把他们放到句首,省略连词if,变成倒装句。

　　例句1：In contrast, should another ice age occur, sea level would drop drastically.(TPO15-3 Glacier Formation)

　　解析：对于这种倒装句的处理是：第一步，把if还原;第二部，理解句子。因此if还原之后该句变成：“In contrast, if another ice age should occur, sea level would drop drastically.”由if引导的从句“should occur”的使用可知，该句是对将来的虚拟。意思为：对比之下，如果再次发生冰川世纪，海平面将会大大下降

　　例句2：Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.(TPO10-1 Chinese Pottery 11题)

　　解析：该句是把条件从句放在了句子后面，if还原之后变成：“Their significance may have remained clear if the Chinese had not come under foreign influence.”由“had not come” 的使用可知该句是对过去的虚拟，意思为：如果中国没有受到外国的影响，它们的重要性可能保持清晰。”

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