托福结构化阅读指什么 要怎么做？才能突破

今天的主题——托福的结构化阅读，在座大多数同学应该都有所耳闻(听起来很高端的样子)。

　　其实，这个词本身只是阅读老师们在不同时空YY出来的一个说法(e.g. 牛顿与莱布尼茨)，各家机构甚至各位老师对其都存在不一样的解读和诠释。

　　下面，为大家带来北京新东方蔺老师所解读的结构化阅读：

　　首先，我们先列举几种常见托福阅读的阅读方式：

　　1.我是大神，我先通读全文;

　　2.我很稳健，我先读段落;

　　3.我很帅，我直接做题。

　　对于第1种学神同学，我无F可说;第3种同学，接下来请认真学习方法;第2种同学，恭喜你已经迈出满分阅读的第一步。

　　为什么要以段落为单位阅读呢?

　　托福阅读，看似最小的分割单位是14个题目，实则是每个段落。如直接开始做题，必然会在完成该段落对应的2-3个题目的过程中反复回到文章中阅读，费时不讨好(血亏)。

　　高效且低错误率的阅读方法是，在开始看题之前先对对应该几题的段落(e.g.第一段对应1-2题)进行快速浏览，也就是我们通常说到的Scan。

　　Scan：速读;扫视，指的不是眼睛扫视的快，而是我们在通读本段的时候有所读而有所不读。

　　到底读哪些，哪些又可以略过呢?

　　我们先区别以下两个概念

　　Principle：原则/原理

　　Fact：事实

　　在以说明文当道的托福阅读文章中，单个段落中多数包含以上两种信息。

　　举个栗子，TPO 11-2 Orientation and Navigation文章第3段：

　　Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild. Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements. Kramer surmised, therefore, that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun. To test this idea, he blocked their view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position. He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun." They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction. At the time, this idea seemed preposterous. How could a bird navigate by the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps? Obviously, more testing was in order.

　　从第一句中的In his research能看出，之后内容都是在描述实验属于Fact类型的信息，而在段落倒数的第四排He found之后的内容则是该实验的结果和进一步的猜想，属于Principle类型的信息。

　　很明显，Fact类型信息内容繁多，描述较为复杂凌乱，必然是我们Scan过程中所要略过的内容;相反的，Principle类型信息指向明确，言简意赅，应为我们重点关注的内容。

　　换个说法，在一个段落中出现Fact类型必然是支持或者解释Principle类型信息，后者的重要性远远高于前者。

　　所以你懂了么?