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托福培训
托福考试动态
2017-02-24 11:26
来源：新东方
作者：蔡瑞
在上一篇文章中（"阅读接力：源自托福，用于SAT／ACT"），我们系统对比了托福阅读和SAT/ACT阅读的异同，今天，我们特别选取了其中一个大多数同学反映的难点，修辞目的题，进行分析对比。
［常见问法］
修辞目的题（Rhetorical Purpose Questions），无论是托福阅读，还是新SAT阅读，均明确提到此类题型。包括ACT阅读，也有相关考法。常见题目特征，出现"purpose"、"why"、"in order to"等字样。
比如：
1. The author discusses … in paragraph 3 in order to . . .
2. Why does the author mention …?
3. What is the purpose of paragraph 4?
这些题型，有时也被称为"举例作用题"、"段落目的题"等，均可归类为"修辞目的题"。
［官方解读］
当看到"修辞"二字，不少同学可能会情不自禁的想到"比喻、排比、拟人"等经常提到的修辞手法，但托福阅读及SAT/ACT阅读，考的是这个吗？
首先，我们一起看看托福的官方指南怎么说，"Rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing effectively."（修辞，是有效的讲话或写作的艺术），比如, 举例(example)，下定义(definition)，解释(explain)，对比(contrast)，批评(criticize),等，这些都叫"修辞"。
［例题解析］
以TPO中的一道题目为例：
Paragraph 6: A third fossil formation containing both soft-bodied and hard-bodied animals provides evidence of the result of the Cambrian explosion. This fossil formation, called the Burgess Shale, is in Yoho National Park in the Canadian Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. Shortly after the Cambrian explosion, mud slides rapidly buried thousands of marine animals under conditions that favored fossilization. These fossil beds provide evidence of about 32 modern animal groups, plus about 20 other animal body forms that are so different from any modern animals that they cannot be assigned to any one of the modern groups. These unassignable animals include a large swimming predator called Anomalocaris and a soft-bodied animal called Wiwaxia, which ate detritus or algae. The Burgess Shale formation also has fossils of many extinct representatives of modern animal groups. For example, a well-known Burgess Shale animal called Sidneyia is a representative of a previously unknown group of arthropods (a category of animals that includes insects, spiders, mites, and crabs).
Why does the author mention "Anomalocans" and "Wiwaxia"?
A. To contrast predators with animals that eat plants such as algae
B. To question the effects of rapid mud slides on fossilization
C. To suggest that much is still unknown about animals found in the Burgess Shale
D. To provide examples of fossils that cannot be assigned to a modern animal group
答案：D
解析：
四个选项的修辞词分别为contrast、question、suggest、provide example，根据段落中的内容，首先就可以排除A(contrast)和B(question),剩下的选项C和D的后半部分信息，D是对文中内容更好的总结，"cannot be assigned to a modern animal group"等同于文中的"they cannot be assigned to any one of the modern groups."，故，正确答案为D。而选项C的"much is still unknown"并不是原文的同义改写。
［SAT扩展］
当同学们掌握好托福中的修辞目的题后，进入到下一个学习阶段，即SAT或ACT，也同样会遇到此类题型，只是难度更大，区别尤其体现在SAT阅读中，除了修辞词部分之外，选项剩余信息多设置成了更为概括的抽象名词，而不是具体名词，这给考生带来一定的困扰，这也是大多数考生的失分点所在。
以新SAT官方指南中的两道题目为例：
例题1:
Akira came directly, breaking all tradition. Was that it? Had he followed form-had he asked his mother to speak to his father to approach a go-between-would Chie have been more receptive?
The main purpose of the first paragraph is to
A. describe a culture.
B. criticize a tradition.
C. question a suggestion.
D. analyze a reaction.
正确答案：D
干扰选项：A
例题2:
The researchers paired the antithrombin gene with a promoter (which is a sequence of DNA that controls gene activity) that is normally active in the goat's mammary glands during milk production.
The most likely purpose of the parenthetical information in lines 63-64 is to
A. illustrate an abstract concept.
B. describe a new hypothesis.
C. clarify a claim.
D. define a term.
正确答案：D
干扰选项：A
［总结］
最后，为同学们总结一下修辞目的题最核心的注意事项：如果说常见的"事实信息题"问的是what（作者说了什么），那么"修辞目的题"问的就是why（作者为什么这么说）。紧抓这一点，相信同学们能在这类考题中，获得不错的正确率。
作者简介：
新东方集团二十周年功勋教师，集团优秀教师，集团教学培训师，集团演讲师。美国新SAT与CCSS官方认证培训师，美国ACT官方首届认证培训师。教授托福阅读、SAT阅读、ACT阅读。8年教龄。出版及翻译书籍：《ACT必备核心词汇》，《SAT阅读长难句精讲精练》，《新托福考试专项进阶-阅读模拟试题》，等。
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托福培训
托福考试动态
