【托福培训-阅读】长难句例题分析

摘要：托福阅读中大家最让人头疼的就是长难句了，不仅影响理解还浪费不少时间，其实对于新托福阅读的长难句大家要学会化繁为简，这也是托福阅读备考要重点学习和理解的地方，希望下面的介绍能给大家一些启发。

下面我们再以几个句子为例，更进一步地体会新托福长难句的分析方法：

1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface ， the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans， some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer in space.

翻译：

由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底 部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。

句子结构分析：

分句 1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures

分句 2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface

分句 3：the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans

分句 4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space

其中，分句3是整个长句子的主句。分句1是分句3的原因状语，同时分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures，为后置定语；分句4是由in some ways引导的分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3中的a hostile environment to humans。

整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语 即主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。

2.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent，the two captains set out.

翻译：

当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐石山，其面积达80英里长50英里宽。就在这些传言中，两位上尉出发了。

句子结构分析：

分句1：Amid rumors

分句2：that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region

分句3：and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent

分句4：the two captains set out

分句1和分句4构成倒装，正常的语序应该是分句4+分句1，即the two captains set out Amid rumors。分句1中嵌套了分句2和分句3，其中分句2和分句3是修饰分句1的rumors的同位语从句，用来说明谣言的具体内容；分句2和分句3构成并列关系。

3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.

翻译：

持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。

句子结构分析：

分句1：A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century

分句2：including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it

分句3：the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality

分句4：finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects

分句5：from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，

分句6：from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance

本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成，即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects；分句2和分句3并列修饰说明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements，而分句5和分句6并列，修饰说明了分句4中的an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects，即介词结构from…to…作为后置定语修饰前面的tonal effects。

4、Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth．

(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)

翻译：要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。

句子结构分析：

分句1：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War

分句2：is

分句3：the country's impressive population growth

分句1，2，3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3，2，1，即：该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War．

本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.

5、As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore．

(同位语从句claims that…)

翻译：结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。

句子结构分析：

分句1： that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health

分句2： claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore

分句1作为分句2主语 "claim" 的同位语从句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句就是分句2. 同位语从句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health：吃有机食品就能防治疾病或增进健康。

6、There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like．

(并列同位语从句reports that…，that…，that…)

翻译：关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。

句子结构分析：

分句1：There are numerous unsubstantiated reports

分句2：that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones

分句3：that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs

分句4：that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like

分句1是整个长句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列关系，共同构成分句1的同位语从句。本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道的从句。

7、The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North，though less spectacularly．

(同位语从句fact that…)

翻译：南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建(尽管不像南方那么引人注目)这一事实显得不太重要。

句子结构分析：

分句1. The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact

分句2. that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North

分句3. though less spectacularly （省略）

分句2是嵌套在分句1中的，做分句1中的fact的同位语从句。

分句3是分句2中的让步状语从句，并有省略现象存在，完整的说法是：though the reconstruction is less spectacular.

8、The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl．

(宾语从句what we now know as)

翻译：现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。

句子结构分析：

分句1：The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled

分句2：what we now know as urban sprawl

分句2嵌套在分句1里，即分句1是主句，分句2是宾语从句，主句结构经过精简应该是The new accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban sprawl.

整句话的谓语动词是 sparked 和 fueled, 两个并列的动词。

本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词fuel，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃料，作为动词的时候的意思就可以引申为（供给燃料）激发，促使、造成。

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