【托福培训-写作】综合写作如何“写”

综合写作作文严格意义上来说，是一篇对阅读文章和听力讲座中主要内容以及两者之间关系的总结（Summary）；因此，它具有相对较为固定的结构或框架——大家往往将这种相对较为固定的结构或框架称之为 “模板” 。在考试过程中，“按部就班”使用得心应手的“模板”，不仅可以节约大量的时间，而且还能够使文章的逻辑结构完整和清晰。

如何指代“阅读文章”和“听力讲座”？

>>> 指代“阅读文章”：

in 引导的短语：in the reading (passage)

according to引导的短语：according to the reading (passage), according to the author

as引导的短语：as the author argues / maintains

to引导的短语：to quote the reading (passage), to quote the author

>>> 指代“听力讲座”：

in 引导的短语：in the lecture

according to引导的短语：according to the lecture，according to the professor

as引导的短语：as the professor argues / maintains

to引导的短语：to quote the lecture，to quote the professor

如何表达“阅读文章说”和“听力讲座说”中的“说”？

>>> 表示“论述”：argue, maintain, state, contend, assert, propose, suggest, indicate, imply, acknowledge, mention

>>> 表示“强调”：emphasize, highlight, address

>>> 表示“反对”：disagree, disapprove, contradict, contrast, refute

>>> 相关词组：talk about, be concerned with, concentrate on, be skeptical about, cast doubt on, point out

综合写作“模板”

In the lecture, the professor is skeptical about the idea of the reading passage that…①… The professor, however, argues that…②…

First, in the reading passage, it is pointed out that…③… On the contrary, the professor maintains that…④…

Second, the professor then challenges the reading's idea that…⑤… He / She suggests that…⑥…

Finally, the professor addresses…⑦… However, according to the reading passage,…⑧…

>>> “形式主语”结构

It is pointed out that… 是“形式主语”结构。这里的it 并没有实际语义，只是为满足语法上的需要，避免句子头重脚轻——it代替的是句子的真正主语（也就是…中填入的阅读的分论点）。

With today’s hectic schedules, it is necessary to spend some time each day to relax, and let the stress dissipate from our bodies and minds. 因为当今繁忙的时间表，每天花一些时间放松，释放我们身体和心灵的压力就变得非常必要。

It has been well documented that college students tend to gain weight and suffer from many stress-related illnesses because of the strong pressure on them. 因为所承受的巨大压力，大学生更容易增加体重，并且遭受许多与压力相关的疾病；这点已经得到佐证。

We all have only 24 hours a day and it is clear that the more time one spends in watching television, the less time one spends with his or her family and friends. 我们所有人一天都只有24小时；显而易见的是：如果一个人把更多的时间花在看电视上，那么他/她花在与家人和朋友上的时间则会变少。

>>> 宾语从句和同位语从句

我们来仔细研究一下模板中的第二句和第五句句子： 第二句：The professor, however, argues that online encyclopedias are of great value. 这是“宾语从句”。所谓宾语从句，是指在句子中起宾语作用的从句（往往接在及物动词之后），如这里的online encyclopedias are of great value（argue的宾语）。

In some cases when language courses demand that students practice speaking in groups, cooperative classmates will be a great assistance to achieving the goal of effective learning. 在某些情况下，当语言课程要求学生小组练习的时候，具有合作精神的同班同学对于达到有效学习的目的非常有帮助。

Choosing friends who are different from me has helped me realize that opposing approaches to viewing and interacting in the world can be blended into a harmonious, personal worldview. 选择与我不同的朋友可以帮我意识到，看待世界以及与世界互动不同的方法可以帮我形成个人和谐的世界观。

We have to admit that movies and television play a role in our lives as a source of information, experiences, entertainment, and relaxation. 我们不得不承认电影和电视在我们的生活中作为信息、经历、娱乐和休闲的来源发挥了重要的作用。

第五句：Second, the professor then

challenges the reading's idea that there are many opportunities for

hackers to corrupt information online.

在这个句子中，the reading's idea是challenge的宾语，而there are many opportunities for hackers to corrupt information online是对idea的具体解释——这种对前面的名词（短语）加以补充说明或进一步解释的句子，称之为“同位语从句”。被补充说明或解释的这些名词（短语）一般都是“抽象名词（短语）”，如：assumption, evidence, notion, fact, hypothesis, statement, opinion, point of view 等。

In sum, to become a fully capable individual, one must realize the notion that advice received from others is equally important. 总之，成为一个非常能干的个体必须意识到这样的观点，即：别人的建议同样重要。

As long as more social members appreciate the fact that the good are to be rewarded and the evil are to be punished, the essential values of the media could be fully demonstrated and justified. 只有更多的社会成员认可这样的事实，即：善有善报、恶有恶报；那么媒体的重要性才可以完全彰显和被正名。

It has been a common point of view that young people have nothing of value to teach their elders. 人们普遍接受这样一种观点，即：年轻人没有什么有价值的东西可以教授给他们的长辈。

对综合写作阅读内容的总结和阐释不能照抄阅读文章原文，因此，概括能力（summarization skills）和转述能力（paraphrasing skills）成为了综合写作的两大核心能力。

作者简介：

姚建华

托福写作主讲

复旦大学法学学士、管理学硕士

第一位获得加拿大女王大学Queen's University

社会学博士学位的中国人

著有《托福写作一本通》一书

点击查看具体介绍及课程安排 http://souke.xdf.cn/Teacher/2-XSH2638-0.html

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