托福写作提分策略 | 三个简单方法帮助你增强文章连贯性

　　托福写作怎么提分？

　　教你用三个简单方法

　　帮助你增强文章连贯性

　　首先我们来看下托福独立写作的5分评分标准：

　　相信各位考生对其中一个要求 “Display unity, progression and coherence” 比较熟悉，但可能还不是十分清楚如何具体地增强内容的连贯。本文主要给大家介绍一些常见的衔接手段，帮助大家实现这个目标。

　　一般来说，衔接手段可以分成三个层次，词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)、语法衔接 (grammatical cohesion)、修辞衔接 (rhetorical cohesion)。

　　（一）词汇衔接

　　- 原词重复 (direct repetition) 、同义词 (synonyms)、反义词 (antonyms)

　　- 来自于相同语义场 (semantic field) 和词汇链 (lexical chains) 的单词

　　- 使用one/ ones进行词汇替代 (substitution)

　　（二）语法衔接

　　- 指代 (reference): 代词、冠词

　　- 使用 so/ do/ does/ did 等进行从句元素替代

　　- 比较级

　　- 时态

　　（三）修辞衔接

　　- 提问与回答

　　- 平行结构 (parallelism)

　　下面我们结合托福一个写作题目和对应的优秀范文 (high-level responses) 进行讲解。

　　Question:

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

　　People benefit more from traveling in their own country than from traveling to foreign countries.

　　Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Be sure to use your own words. Do not use memorized examples.

　　Source: TOEFL® Test Preparation: The Insider’s Guide

　　上面这个题目需要考生思考并比较在本国旅游和在外国旅游各自的好处，然后决定是否同意 “人们在本国旅游获得的益处比在外国旅游获得的益处更多” 这个观点。在这里我们给各位提供官方选取的高分回答，第一篇来自挪威的Aarcha Z.同学，第二篇来自中国的*超同学。

　　Aarcha 同学对于题目持有不同意的观点 (Disagree)，她认为到国外旅游好处更多。以下是她的主旨句 (Thesis Statement) 。

　　“I think that people benefit more from traveling to foreign countries.”

　　我们这里节选她文章其中一个主体段。

　　In addition to that, travelling to another country gives you the perfect excuse to learn a new language. For example, I’m planning to go to France next year, and I’ve already started learning basic French with the help of apps on my mobile phone. [Learning a new language] is a wonderful thing, as it not only helps you get around in foreign countries, but also makes you attractive in the job market. If you’re travelling in your own country, you will never truly need to learn a new language, and will therefore miss out on the opportunity that it brings.

　　分析：

　　该文段使用的衔接手段主要是：

　　（一）词汇衔接中的同义词

　　（二）语法衔接中的代词指代 (reference)

　　首先 “that” 是一个代词，指代文中第一个理由 “to experience new sights, cultures and food”; 另外， “another country” 是题目中 “foreign countries” 的另外一种表达形式; “it” 用来表示 “learning a new language” 的意思。全段100个单词，出现了4处衔接手段的使用，使得段落内容清晰紧密。

　　*超同学对于题目持有同意的观点 (Agree)，他认为在国内旅游好处更多。以下是他的主旨句 (Thesis Statement) 。

　　“I deem I can benefit more from travelling in my own countries.”

　　我们这里节选他文章中两个主体段来分析其使用衔接手段的情况。

　　The most critical reason is time. As a traveler, I would prefer spending more time exploring my destination rather than getting stuck at the security checkpoint, sitting in the airplane, and waiting in a long queue at the custom, which are often associated with international travel. For example, if I have a week of vacation, instead of spending 2 days on the way, I could choose a destination that may only take me [a] couple [of] hours to get there that means I have 1 extra more vacation day.

　　Secondly, ….

　　Lastly, international trip can cost travelers significantly more comparing to a domestic one. Admittedly, cost of a trip is often determined personal choice and preference but a lot of fees, such as visa and currency exchange, are often inevitable. In addition, to save money in another unknown country can be a lot more challenging.

　　分析：

　　该文段使用的衔接手段主要是：（一）词汇衔接-同义词; 词汇衔接- one/ ones 替代（二）语法衔接中的比较级 （三）修辞衔接中的平行结构 (parallelism)

　　首先第一段中连续使用了三个平行结构来表达到国外旅游可能会遇到的不方便 “getting stuck at the security checkpoint” , “sitting in the airplane” , “waiting in a long queue at the custom”, 另外， “international travel” 以及第三段中的 “international trip” 是同义词，“domestic” 是题目中 “in their own country” 同义表达，最后 “domestic one” 当中的 “one” 也是为了避免重复前面的内容而进行指代的。

　　这些衔接手段的使用增加了上下文内容的连贯性，也丰富了语言表达形式，使得段落内容清晰紧密生动。 两段的内容不算多，但单从衔接手段的角度来讲还是值得各位考生学习和借鉴的。

　　以上是给各位简要介绍衔接手段使用的内容，希望对大家有帮助和启发！

　　（该文由新东方留学考试统筹，由广州学校黄伟娴老师供稿）