分析听力讲座中直线结构文章

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此类文章有一个明显的特点就是用时间串联起整篇讲座，每一段都有一个明显的时间词，类似一个具体的数字、年份或是一段时期等，通篇文章都是层层递进式的。以某篇讲座为例，该文章是一篇美国政府类讲座，文章上来就介绍了本文的主旨：

‘We were talking about government support for the arts. Who can sum up some of the main points?’，‘I guess there wasn’t really any, you know, official government support for the arts until the twentieth century.’（二十世纪美国政府对艺术领域的支持）

然后就开始从二十世纪初介绍政府的具体举措：

‘The first attempt the United States government made to, you know, to support the arts was the Federal Art Project. It was started during the Depression, um…in the 1930s to employout-of-work artists.’（二十世纪三十年代的联邦艺术项目）→‘In 1965, the National Endowment for the Arts was created. So it was through the NEA, the National Endowment for the Arts, um…that the arts would develop, would be promoted throughout the nation.’（六十年代的政府补贴）→‘And by the mid-1970s, by 1974 I think, all fifty states had their own arts agencies’（七十年代的州政府行为）

全文都是通过几个时间点串起来的，抓到时间词的话就会让听者对于结构的把握比较清晰。该篇文章就是较为典型的时间递进式文章，在听后练习中也会发现该类文章的另一个特点就是，比较容易出排序类的表格题。

此类文章通常都是介绍一位名人或是一个物品。介绍人的话，会依次介绍他（她）的特点、代表作、生平、生平对我们的启发等；介绍物品的话，会逐步介绍该物品的用途、特色、如何被发明创造或是被考古挖掘出来的，以及对它的发扬光大、保护保存等问题的探讨。同样是以某篇讲座为例，该文章是一篇艺术类讲座，文章开篇就开门见山介绍了本文主题：

‘All right, let’scontinue our discussion of portrait artists (portraitist) and portraiture. A great example of that, that vision in portraiture, is Cecilia Beaux.’（著名的肖像画家塞西莉亚·博斯）

随后介绍了作为一名女性，她在当时的成就是十分惊人的：

‘She really stood outback in the 1800s. And today, she is still considered one of the greatest portrait painters of her time, male or female.’以及她画作的风格，“Those portraits also reflect the kind of subjects that Beaux tended to use, which were mostly women and children.”（通常主角都是女性和孩子们）

然后再重点介绍了她的一幅作品：

‘The Dream’，‘So let’s look at one of her portraits now. This painting is called The Dreamer.’

通过分析这幅画作让听者了解了Beaux的特点：

‘But what strikes me is the contrasting colors, the white dress and the dark background.’（色彩对比鲜明），‘The background behind the woman is pretty vague. Like, maybe there is no real context. The unclear background definitely contributes to that dreaminess.’（模糊的背景更加突出了画作的主题）

最后再点睛式地强调一下Beaux的独特之处：

‘Beaux used some impressionist techniques and share much of their philosophy, but her style, it was all her own.’（虽借鉴了印象派技巧但又自成一派）

全文一气呵成，娓娓道来，让听者对于这位女性肖像画家有了初步但又不失全面的了解。

此类文章通常都是介绍一个理论，它的提出背景，支持者和反对者对此的论证和批判，它的前景等，或者说是介绍当前面临的一个问题或已经存在的某一现象，社会是如何看待的，如何去解决的，展望一下未来等。再以一篇具体的文章为例，该文章是一篇生物类讲座，在文章开头教授就介绍了有一位生物学家提出了自己的一个假设，称之为高斯假设：

‘A biologist named G.F.Gause first proposed what's known as "Gause's hypothesis".’

随后具体介绍了该假设的内容

‘Whenever you've got two similar species competing for the exact same limited resources, one of them will have some sort of advantage, however slight that'll eventually enable this species to dominate and ultimately exclude the other one, even cause it to become extinct.’（两个物种竞争同一资源时最终总有一方是强者，甚至会使得另一方灭绝）

到此，文章算是很好地引入了这一假说，让听者对此有一个较为深刻的认识。接着就开始阐述批评者对此假说的态度了：

‘It works in simple lab experiments where you have just two competing species in a controlled environment, but the hypothesis falls apart when applied to natural ecosystems where things are more complex.’（只适用于简单的实验室环境，但不适用于复杂的自然环境）

面对质疑，教授随即用一个wobbler鸟的例子来反驳此批评：

‘But if you observe these birds more closely, the wobbler species are not really competing with one another for the exact same food at the exact same time’（这五种wobbler鸟并不是在竞争同一种资源，而是互相协作以共同生存）

以此来表明高斯假设并没有被推翻，在大自然中也同样是适用的。文章环环相扣，引出理论、提出质疑、表明证据、驳斥质疑四个部分逐步深入，在逻辑上是十分紧密的。

此类文章通常都是通过一个具体的例子来说明一个抽象的道理，往往文章开头先直接介绍一个道理，而这个道理呢是较为复杂和抽象的，单言语论证没法说清楚，于是教授便会用一个具体的案例来加以解释，而文章的核心正是在详细介绍这个案例上，最后教授则又会回到文章开头的道理上，来进行前后呼应。同样以一篇具体的文章为例，该文章是一篇考古类讲座，文章一开始，教授就直截了当地指出：

‘One of the frustrating things about archaeology, especially for beginning students, is that the oriesare constantly evolving. A theory that's been accepted for many years may suddenly be called into question.’（有时一个已经被广为接受的理论也会突然被质疑）

然后在学生表示不解后，教授就用了一个具体的事例来做进一步的解释：

‘Take the theory about the earliest permanent settlements. They were found in an area to the east of the Mediterranean Sea called the Levant. And the people who lived there were the Natufians.’（最早定居人类纳图夫人的例子）

文章提出，该类人经历了两次生活方式的转变，从游牧到定居，第二次定居的证据是确凿无疑的。

‘No one is contesting that these people, probably descendants of the Natufians, were indeed sedentary by 11,500 years ago.’，

但是第一次定居的证据却是有疑问的，我们本来以为的铁证也出现了漏洞：

‘There's evidence, but some archaeologists have questioned the criteria used to identify permanent settlements.’

随后罗列了三处质疑的点来推翻以前的观点：

‘Researchers point to the lack of grain remnants in these earlier structures.’（建筑物中的谷物残留物很少），‘And another problemthey point to is that most early settlements have only one of these so-called storage structures.’（遗址只有一个所谓的谷物储存地），‘The materials used to make the stone mortars did originally come from quite a distance.’（用来制作石钵的原料是来自很遥远的地方）

以此有力地论证了文章开篇部分提出的主观点：哪怕是已经被当真的理论也会突然就被发现是有问题的。

好了，以上就是直线结构讲座常见的四小分类，你都了解了吗？之后在练习中如果遇到直线结构的文章，也可以在听完后自己试着分一下类别哦。