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托福培训
托福考试动态
2017-03-29 10:33
来源：新东方
作者：互联网
2.难句处理
对于长句，先找主谓，再同前面的句子作比较
如果谓语意思相同，则此句是前面一句的重复表达，不必看了
如果谓语意思截然相反，可能是多重转折，如果后面发现有转折连词则可以确定为多重转折，那么两重转折中的部分就是废话
如果谓语既不相同又不相反，则抓住句子主干，去处修饰成份
主干
词：形容词和副词
修饰成分短语：尤其是介词短语
从句：从who，which开始，在第一个谓语动词和第二个谓语动词之间结束
3.必看的关键词
用”-”连接的合成词
结尾处的强转折
成语
特殊词汇：surprisingly，，ironically，unfortunately，paradoxically(似非而是的)
比喻
4.看文章的顺序：套路→主题词或关键词→根据取舍原则分析那些是重点细节，不是重点的细节不看
5.时间分配：原则应该是看文章时间少做题时间多
book 1， reading 5， p131
historians attempting to explain how scientific work was done in the laboratory of the seventeenth-century chemist and natural philosopher robert boyle must address a fundamental discrepancy between how such experimentation was actually performed and the seventeenth-century rhetoric describing it. leaders of the new royal society of london in the 1660s insisted that authentic science depended upon actual experiments performed， observed， and recorded by the scientists themselves. rejecting the traditional contempt for manual operations， these scientists， all members of the english upper class， were not to think themselves demeaned by the mucking about with chemicals， furnaces， and pumps; rather(≠)， the willingness of each of them to become， as boyle himself said， a mere “drudge” and “under-builder” in the search for god’s truth in nature was taken as a sign of their nobility and christian piety.
this rhetoric has been so effective that one modern historian assures us that boyle himself actually performed all of the thousand or more experiments he reported. in fact(△)， due to poor eyesight， fragile health， and frequent absences from his laboratory， boyle turned over much of the labor of obtaining and recording experimental results to paid technicians， although published accounts of the experiments rarely， if ever， acknowledged the technicians’ contributions. nor was boyle unique in relying on technicians without publicly crediting their work.
why were the contributions of these technicians not recognized by their employers? one reason is the historical tendency(新名词)， which has persisted into the twentieth century， to view scientific discovery as resulting from momentary flashes of individual insight rather than from extended periods of cooperative work by individuals with varying levels of knowledge and skill. moreover， despite the clamor of seventeenth-century scientific rhetoric commending a hands-on approach， science was still overwhelmingly an activity of the english upper class， and the traditional contempt that genteel society maintained for manual labor was pervasive and deeply rooted. finally， all of boyle’s technicians were “servants，” which in seventeenth-century usage meant anyone who worked for pay. to seventeenth-century sensibilities， the wage relationship was charged with political significance. servants， meaning wage earners， were excluded from the franchise because(→) they were perceived as ultimately dependent on their wages and thus controlled by the will of their employers. technicians remained invisible in the political economy of science for the same reasons that underlay servants’ general political exclusion. the technicians’ contribution， their observations and judgment， if acknowledged， would not have been perceived in the larger scientific community as objective because(→) the technicians were dependent on the wages paid to them by their employers. servants might have made the apparatus work， but their contributions to the making of scientific knowledge were largely–and conveniently–ignored by their employers.
8. which one of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
(a) seventeenth-century scientific experimentation would have been impossible without the work of paid laboratory technicians.
(b) seventeenth-century social conventions prohibited upper-class laboratory workers from taking public credit for their work.
(c) seventeenth-century views of scientific discovery combined with social class distinctions to ensure that laboratory technicians’ scientific work was never publicly acknowledged.
c选项的范围比b广
(d) seventeenth-century scientists were far more dependent on their laboratory technicians than are scientists today， yet far less willing to acknowledge technicians’ scientific contributions.
(e) seventeenth-century scientists liberated themselves from the stigma attached to manual labor by relying heavily on the work of laboratory technicians.
9. it can be inferred from the passage that the “seventeenth-century rhetoric” mentioned in line 6 would have more accurately described the experimentation performed in boyle’s laboratory if which one of the following were true?
(a) unlike many seventeenth-century scientists， boyle recognized that most scientific discoveries resulted from the cooperative efforts of many individuals.
(b) unlike many seventeenth-century scientists， boyle maintained a deeply rooted and pervasive contempt for manual labor.(跨区)
(c) unlike many seventeenth-century scientists， boyle was a member of the royal society of london.
(d) boyle generously acknowledged the contribution of the technicians who worked in his laboratory.
(e) boyle himself performed the actual labor of obtaining and recording experimental results.
10. according to the author， servants of seventeenth-century england were excluded from the franchised(用来定位) because of the belief that
(a) their interests were adequately represented by their employers
(b) their education was inadequate to make informed political decisions
(c) the independence of their political judgment would be compromised by their economic dependence on their employers
(d) their participation in the elections would be a polarizing influence on the political process
(e) the manual labor that they performed did not constitute a contribution to the society that was sufficient to justify their participation in elections.
11. according to the author， the royal society of london(可用来定位) insisted that scientists abandon the
(a) belief that the primary purpose of scientific discovery was to reveal the divine truth that could be found in nature
(b) view that scientific knowledge results largely from the insights of a few brilliant individuals rather than from the cooperative efforts of many workers
(c) seventeenth-century belief that servants should be denied the right to vote because they were dependent on wages paid to them by their employers
(d) traditional disdain for manual labor that was maintained by most members of the english upper class during the seventeenth-century
(e) idea that the search for scientific truth was a sign of piety
12. the author implies that which one of the following beliefs was held in both the seventeenth and the twentieth centuries?
(a) individual insights rather than cooperative endeavors produce most scientific discoveries.
(b) how science is practiced is significantly influenced by the political beliefs and assumption of scientists.
(c) scientific research undertaken for pay cannot be considered objective.
(d) scientific discovery can reveal divine truth in nature.
(e) scientific discovery often relies on the unacknowledged contributions of laboratory technicians.
13. which one of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph?
(a) several alternative answers are presented to a question posed in the previous paragraph， and the last is adopted as the most plausible.
(b) a question regarding the cause of the phenomenon described in the previous paragraph is posed， two possible explanations are rejected， and evidence is provided in support of a third.
(c) a question regarding the phenomenon described in the previous paragraph is posed， and several incompatible views are presented.
(d) a question regarding the cause of the phenomenon described in the previous paragraph is posed， and several contributing factors are then discussed.
(e) several answers to a question are evaluated in light of recent discoveries cited earlier in the passage.
14. the author’s discussion of the political significance of the “wage relationship”(line 48) serves to
横读法：先读每个选项第一行，可排除几个，再度第二行，继续排除
(a) place the failure of seventeenth-century scientists to acknowledge the contributions of their technicians in the large context of relations between workers and their employers in seventeenth-century england.
(b) provide evidence in support of the author’s more general thesis regarding the relationship of scientific discovery to the economic conditions of societies in which it takes place.
(c) provide evidence in support of the author’s explanation of why scientists in seventeenth-century england were reluctant to rely on their technicians for the performance of anything but the most menial tasks.
(d) illustrate political and economic changes in the society of seventeenth-century england that had a profound impact on how scientific research was conduced.
(e) undermine the view that scientific discovery results from individual enterprise rather than from the collective endeavor of many workers.(跨区)
15. it can be inferred from the passage that “the clamor of seventeenth-century scientific rhetoric”(lines 39-40) refers to
(a) the claim that scientific discovery results largely from the insights of brilliant individuals working alone
(b) ridicule of scientists who were members of the english upper class and who were thought to demean themselves by engaging in the manual labor required by their experiments.
(c) criticism of scientists who publicly acknowledged the contributions of their technicians.
(d) assertions by members of the royal society of london that scientists themselves should be responsible for obtaining and recording experimental results.
(e) the claim by boyle and his colleagues that the primary reason for scientific research is to discover evidence of divine truth in the natural world.
book 1， reading 2， p32
historians generally agree that， of the great modern innovations， the railroad had the most far-reaching impact on major events in the united states in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries， particularly on the industrial revolution. there is， however， considerable disagreement among cultural historians regarding public attitudes toward the railroad， both at its inception in the 1830s and reached the zenith of its popularity in the united states. in a recent book， john stilgoe(评述文的标志，纵观全文发现人名、书名多次出现，从而确定是评述文) has addressed this issue by arguing that the “romantic-era distrust” of the railroad that he claims was present during the 1830s vanished in the decades after 1880. but the argument he provides in support of this position is unconvincing.
what stilgoe calls “romantic-era distrust” was in fact(△) the reaction of a minority of writer， artists， and intellectuals who distrusted the railroad not so much for what it was as for what it signified. thoreau and hawthorne appreciated， even admired， an improved means of moving things and people from one place to another. what these writers and others were concerned about was not the new machinery as such， but the new kind of economy， social order， and culture that it prefigured. in addition， stilgoe is wrong to imply that the critical attitude of these writers was typical of the period： their distrust was largely a reaction against the prevailing attitude in the 1830s that the railroad was an unqualified improvement.
typical一词在阅读中往往十分重要，表示普遍性，出题往往与普遍性事实有关
stilgoe’s assertion that the ambivalence toward the railroad exhibited by writers like hawthorne and thoreau disappeared after the 1880s is also misleading. in support of this thesis， stilgoe has unearthed an impressive volume of material， the work of hitherto unknown illustrators， journalists， and novelists(小列举)， all devotees of the railroad; but it is not clear what this new material proves except perhaps that the works of popular culture greatly expanded at the time.(反驳，釜底抽薪法) the volume of the material proves nothing if stilgoe’s point is that the earlier distrust of a minority of intellectuals did not endure beyond the 1880s， and， oddly， much of stilgoe’s other evidence indicates that it did. when he glances at the treatment of railroads by writers like henry james， sinclair lewis， or f.scott fitzgerald(小列举人名，只抓第一个即可)， what comes through in spite of stilgoe’s analysis is remarkably like thoreau’s feeling of contrariety and ambivalence.(had he looked at the work of frank norris， eugene o’neill， or henry adams， stilgoe’s case would have been much stronger.) the point is that the sharp contrast between the enthusiastic supporters of the railroad in the 1830s and the minority of intellectual dissenters during that period extended into the 1880s and beyond.
虚拟语气在阅读中的作用：
委婉的负评价(如果……，不就好了吗?)
7. the passage provides information to answer all of the following questions except：
否定信息题：
a类选项：文章中的内容
b类选项：比文章里的内容多
c类选项：与文章里的内容相反(要选c类选项)
(a) during what period did the railroad reach the zenith of its popularity in the united states?
(b) how extensive was the impact of the railroad on the industrial revolution in the united states， relative to that of other modern innovations? (注意most一词)
(c) who are some of the writers of the 1830s who expressed ambivalence toward the railroad?
(d) in what way could stilgoe have strengthened his argument regarding intellectuals’ attitudes toward the railroad in the years after the 1880s?
(e) what arguments did the writers after the 1880s， as cited by stilgoe， offer to justify their support for the railroad?
8. according to the author of the passage， stilgoe uses the phrase “romantic-era distrust”(line 13) to imply that the view he is referring to was (假定位信息题，此题做取非)
(a) the attitude of a minority of intellectuals toward technological innovation that began after 1830.
(b) a commonly held attitude toward the railroad during the 1830s.
(c) an ambivalent view of the railroad expressed by many poets and novelists between 1880 and 1930.
(d) a critique of social and economic developments during the 1830s by a minority of intellectuals.
(e) an attitude toward the railroad that was disseminated by works of popular culture after 1880.
9. according to the author， the attitude toward the railroad that was reflected in writings of henry james， sinclair lewis， and f. scott fitzgerald was
(a) influenced by the writings of frank norris， eugene o’neill， and henry adams
(b) similar to that of the minority of writers who had expressed ambivalence toward the railroad prior to the 1880s
(c) consistent with the public attitudes toward the railroad that were reflected in works of popular culture after the 1880s
(d) largely a reaction to the works of writers who had been severely critical of the railroad in the 1830s
(e) consistent with the prevailing attitude toward the railroad during the 1830s.
分页标题#e#
10. it can be inferred from the passage that the author uses the phrase “works of popular culture” (line 41) primarily to refer to the
(a) work of a large group of writers that was published between 1880 and 1930 and that in stilgoe’s view was highly critical of the railroad.
(b) work of writers who were heavily influenced by hawthorne and thoreau
(c) large volume of writing produced by henry adams， sinclair lewis， and eugene o’neill
(d) work of journalists， novelists， and illustrators who were responsible for creating enthusiasm for the railroad during the 1830s
(e) work of journalists， novelists， and illustrators that was published after 1880 and that has received little attention from scholars other than stilgoe
11. which one of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding the work of frank norris， eugene o’neill， and henry adams?
(a) their work never achieved broad popular appeal.
(b) their ideas were disseminated to a large audience by the popular culture of the early 1800s.
(c) their work expressed a more positive attitude toward the railroad than did that of henry james， sinclair lewis， and f. scott fitzgerald.
(d) although they were primarily novelists， some of their work could be classified as journalism.
(e) although they were influenced by thoreau， their attitude toward the railroad was significantly different from his.
12. it can be inferred from the passage that stilgoe would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements regarding the study of cultural history?
(a) it is impossible to know exactly what period historians are referring to when they use the term “romantic era.”
(b) the writing of intellectuals often anticipates ideas and movements that are later embraced by popular culture.
(c) writers who were not popular in their own time tell us little about the age in which they lived.
(d) the works of popular culture can serve as a reliable indicator of public attitudes toward modern innovations like the railroad.
(e) the best source of information concerning the impact of an event as large as the industrial revolution is the private letters and journals of individuals.
13. the primary purpose of the passage is to
评述文的特点，评述文重点在于找人名，确定因果关系(特别是在科技文中)
(a) evaluate one scholar’s view of public attitudes toward the railroad in the united states from the early nineteenth to the early twentieth century.
(b) review the treatment of the railroad in american literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
(c) survey the views of cultural historians regarding the railroad’s impact on major events in united states history.
(d) explore the origins of the public support for the railroad that existed after the completion of a national rail system in the united states
(e) define what historians mean when they refer to the “romantic-era distrust” of the railroad.
1.词汇：每天可用1小时背单词
a.toefl词汇(王玉梅主编)
b.搭配、词组(清华出版社，《词汇10000》中的3000词组)
c.红宝书(可着重看形容词、动词)
2.习题：每天作两篇，重要的在于复习以前的习题
复习内容：a.文章结构
b.可以跳过不读的部分，原因
c.习题，正确选项为何正确;错误选项为何错误
d.gre北美题(第6套以后);gre国内题(93年以后的)
3.背诵：英美散文(王原生(音)主编，《英美散文选读》)
4.ps：可用一年时间准备，多看范文
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托福培训
托福考试动态
