美国法学院入学考试（LSAT）阅读笔记（4）.

做题注意

1.慎重对待含有强调性的语言(最高级、唯一性和比较级的选项)

2.长选项竖读法：纵向比较所有选项，尤其是开头，找到其中相同的语言部分。如果某几个选项中相同的语言部分对这个题有用，则先看这几个选项;否则，先看其他选项或者这几个选项的差异部分。

例：参见类比题例

3.文字定位法：文(主题词)→题干(主题词)→文(主题词)

例题讲解

book 1， reading 6， p150

in recent years the early music movement(关键词)， which advocates performing a work as it was performed at the time of its composition， has taken on the character of a crusade， particularly as it has moved beyond the sphere of medieval and baroque music and into music from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by composers such as mozart and beethoven granted(表示让步结构)， knowledge about the experience of playing old music on now-obsolete instruments has been of inestimable(⊕) value to scholars. nevertheless(△)， the early music approach to performance raises profound and troubling questions.(大负小正)

early music advocates assume that composers write only for the instruments available to them， but evidence suggests that composers of beethoven’s stature imagined extraordinarily high and low notes as part of their compositions， even when they recognized that such notes could not be played on instruments available at the time.(in the score of beethoven’s first piano concerto， there is a “wrong” note， a high f-natural where the melody obviously calls for a high f-sharp， but pianos did not have this high an f-sharp when beethoven composed the concerto. because beethoven once expressed a desire to revise his early works to exploit the extended range of pianos that became available to him some years later， it seems likely that he would have played the f-sharp if given the opportunity.)(例子，长度超过5行就要读) to use a piano exactly contemporary with the work’s composition would require playing a note that was probably frustrating(负) for beethoven himself to have had to play.(评论)

in addition(表示与上段并列)， early music advocates often inadvertently divorce music and its performance from the life of which they were， and are， a part.(the discovery that haydn’s and mozart’s symphonies were conducted during their lifetimes by a pianist who played the chords to keep the orchestra together has given rise to early music recordings in which a piano can be heard obtrusively in the foreground， despite evidence indicating that the orchestral piano was virtually inaudible to audiences at eighteenth-century concerts and was dropped as musically unnecessary when a better way to beat time was found.)(例子)(and although in the early nineteenth century the first three movements (sections) of mozart’s and beethoven’s symphonies were often played faster， and the last movement slower than today， this difference can readily be explained by the fact that at that time audiences applauded at the end of each movement， rather than withholding applause until the end of the entire work.. as a result(→)， musicians were not forced into extra brilliance in the finale in order to generate applause， as they are now.)(例子) to restore the original tempo of these symphonies represents an irrational denial of the fact that our concepts of musical intensity and excitement have quite simply， changed.(评价)

分页标题#e#

(结论解释型)

13. it can be inferred from the passage that by “a piano exactly contemporary” (line 30) with the composition of beethoven’s first piano concerto， the author means the kind of piano that was

属于直接事实题

designed to be inaudible to the audience when used by conductors of orchestras.

跨区型错误，用文章其它部分讲的内容来解答定位部分(line 30)的问题，必然错误

incapable of playing the high f-natural that is in the score of beethoven’s original version of the concerto.

是f-sharp，注意细节变化

unavailable to mozart and haydn.

跨区型错误

incapable of playing the high f-sharp that the melody of the concerto calls for.

influential in beethoven’s decision to revise his early compositions.

“无”型选项　　 　　

14. which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

属于主题题，遵循三出现原则

the early music movement has yet to resolve a number of troubling questions regarding its approach to the performance of music.

the early music movement， while largely successful in its approach to the performance of medieval and baroque music， has yet to justify its use of obsolete instruments in the performance of music by beethoven and mozart.

细节不能出现

the early music approach to performance often assumes that composers write music that is perfectly tailored to the limitations of the instruments on which it will be performed during their lifetimes.

细节不能出现

although advocates of early music know much about the instruments used to perform music at the time it was composed， they lack information regarding how the style of such performances has changed since such music was written.

“无”型选项

the early music movement has not yet fully exploited the knowledge that it has gained from playing music on instruments available at the time such music was composed.

细节不能出现

15. in the second paragraph， the author discusses beethoven’s first piano concerto primarily in order to

属于举例作用题，这类以in order to结尾的题，正确选项往往是以illustrate，或者give an example开头的，但近年来难度有所增加，大多数选项都以这两者开头了。

illustrate how piano music began to change in response to the extended range of pianos that became available during beethoven’s lifetime.

分页标题#e#

illustrate how beethoven’s work failed to anticipate the changes in the design of instruments that were about to be made during his lifetime.

suggest that early music advocates commonly perform music using scores that do not reflect revisions made to the music years after it was originally composed.

illustrate how composers like beethoven sometimes composed music that called for notes that could not be played on instruments that were currently available.

provide an example of a piano composition that is especially amenable to being played on piano available at the time the music was composed.

16. the author suggests that the final movements of symphonies by mozart and beethoven might be played more slowly by today’s orchestras if which one of the following were to occur?

属于直接事实题(中的因果关系推理)，回文中定位

orchestras were to use instruments no more advanced in design than those used by orchestras at the time mozart and beethoven composed their symphonies.

跨区型错误

audiences were to return to the custom of applauding at the end of each movement of a symphony.

audiences were to reserve their most enthusiastic applause for the most brilliantly played finales.

(小)跨区型错误

conductors were to return to the practice of playing the chords on an orchestral piano to keep the orchestra together.

“无”型错误

conductors were to conduct the symphonies in the manner in which beethoven and mozart had conducted them.

“无”型错误

17. which one of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph?

属于结构题，对于此类题型可参照全文结构

a generalization is made evidence undermining it is presented， and a conclusion rejecting it is then drawn.

“反”型错误

a criticism is stated and then elaborated with two supporting examples.

an assumption is identified and then evidence undermining its validity is presented.

“反”型错误

an assumption is identified and then evidence frequently provided in support of it is then critically evaluated.

“偏”型错误

two specific cases are presented and then a conclusion regarding their significance is drawn.

顺序错误 　　

18. it can be inferred from the passage that the author’s explanation in lines 50-54 would be most weakened if which one of the following were true?

属于逻辑题中的反对题

musicians who perform in modern orchestras generally receive more extensive training than did their nineteenth-century counterparts.

breaks between the movements of symphonies performed during the early nineteenth century often lasted longer than they do today because nineteenth-century musicians needed to retune their instruments between each movement.

early nineteenth-century orchestral musicians were generally as concerned with the audience’s response to their music as are the musicians who perform today in modern orchestras.

early nineteenth-century audience applauded only perfunctorily after the first three movements of symphonies and conventionally withheld their most enthusiastic applause until the final movement was completed.

直接否定，抬杠法

early nineteenth-century audiences were generally more knowledgeable about music than are their modern counterparts.

19. it can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following assertions regarding the early music recordings mentioned in the third paragraph?

属于信息题(中的可定位信息题)

these recordings fail to recognize that the last movements of haydn’s and mozart’s symphonies were often played slower in the eighteenth century than they are played today.

跨区型错误

these recordings betray the influence of baroque musical style on those early music advocates who have recently turned their attention to the music of haydn and mozart.

跨区型错误

by making audible the sound of an orchestral piano that was inaudible in eighteenth century performances， these recordings attempt to achieve aesthetic integrity at the expense of historical authenticity.

by making audible the sound of an orchestral piano that was inaudible in eighteenth century performances， these recordings unwittingly create music that is unlike what eighteenth century audiences heard.

these recordings suggest that at least some advocates of early music recognize that concepts of musical intensity and excitement have changed since haydn and mozart composed their symphonies.

“反”型错误

20. the author suggests that the modern audience’s tendency to withhold applause until the end of a symphony’s performance is primarily related to which one of the following?

the replacement of the orchestral piano as a method of keeping the orchestra together.

a gradual increase since the time of mozart and beethoven in audiences’ expectations regarding the ability of orchestral musicians.

a change since the early nineteenth century in audiences’ concepts of musical excitement and intensity.

a more sophisticated appreciation of the structural integrity of the symphony as a piece of music. 　

敏感词

the tendency of orchestral musicians to employ their most brilliant effects in the early movements of symphonies composed by mozart and beethoven.

“反”型错误

book 1， reading 3， p69

the human species came into being at the time of the greatest biological diversity in the history of the earth. today， as(原因) human populations expand and alter the natural environment， they are reducing biological diversity to its lowest(敏感词) level since the end of the mesozoic era， 65 million years ago. the ultimate consequences(结果) of this biological collision are beyond calculation， but they are certain to be harmful(负评价)， that， in essence， is the biodiversity crisis.

the history of global diversity can be summarized as follows： after the initial flowering of multicellular animals， there was a swift rise in the number of species in early paleozoic times (between 600 and 430 million years ago)， then plateaulike stagnation for the remaining 200 million years of the paleozoic era， and finally a slow but steady climb through the mesozoic and cenozoic eras to diversity‘s all-time high. this history suggests that biological diversity was hard won and a long time in coming.

furthermore， this pattern of increase was set back by five massive extinction episodes， the most recent of these， during the cretaceous period， is by far the most famous， because(→) it ended the age of the dinosaurs， conferred hegemony on the mammals， and ultimately made possible the ascendancy of the human species. but the cretaceous crisis was minor(比较词) compared with the permian extinctions 240 million years ago，(p》c) during which between 77 and 96 percent of marine animal species perished. it took 5 million years， well into mesozoic times， for species diversity to begin a significant recovery.(有很多数字连续出现不必读，不过是对上文的支持)

within the past 10，000 years biological diversity has entered a wholly new era. human activity has had a devastating(负评价) effect on species diversity， and the rate of human-induced extinctions is accelerating.(half of the bird species of polynesia have been eliminated through hunting and the destruction of native forests.)(hundreds of fish species endemic to lake victoria are now threatened with extinction following the careless introduction of one species of fish， the nile perch.)(例子)the list of such bio geographic disasters is extensive.(评价，凡是在关于自然、生物的文章中有人出现，往往是负评价)

because every species is unique and irreplaceable， the loss of biodiversity is the most profound process of environmental change. its consequences(→) are also the least predictable because the value of earth’s biota (the fauna and flora collectively) remains largely unstudied and unappreciated， unlike(≠) material and cultural wealth， which we understand because they are the substance of our everyday lives. biological wealth is usually taken for granted. this is a serious strategic error(负评价)， one that will be increasingly regretted(负评价) as time passes. the biota is not only part of a country‘s heritage， the product of millions of years of evolution centered on that place; it is also a potential source for immense untapped material wealth in the form of food， medicine， and other commercially important substance.(文章最后四五行可略读，如出现的是重复性的内容，飞速掠过，但如在倒数第二段之前出现强转折，则必须注意)

7. which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

the reduction in biodiversity is an irreversible process that represents a setback both for science and for society as a whole.

the material and cultural wealth of a nation are insignificant when compared with the country’s biological wealth.

the enormous diversity of life on earth could not have come about without periodic extinctions that have conferred preeminence on one species at the expense of another.

the human species is in the process of initiating a massive extinction episodes look minor by comparison.

the current decline in species diversity is human-induced tragedy of incalculable proportions that has potentially grave consequences for the human species.

8. which one of the following situations is most analogous to the history of global diversity summarized in lines 10-18 of the passage?

the number of fish in a lake declines abruptly as a result of water pollution. then makes a slow comeback after cleanup efforts and the passage of ordinances against dumping.

the concentration of chlorine in the water supply of large city fluctuates widely before stabilizing at a constant and safe level.

an old-fashioned article of clothing goes in and out of style periodically as a result of features in fashion magazines and the popularity of certain period films.

after valuable mineral deposits are discovered， the population of a geographic region booms then levels off an d begins to decrease at a slow and steady race.

the variety of styles stocked by a shoe store increases rapidly after the store opens， holds constant for many months， and then gradually creeps upward.

9. the author suggests which one of the following about the cretaceous crisis?

it was the second most devastating extinction episode in history.

it was the most devastating extinction episode up un until that time.

it was less devastating to species diversity than is the current biodiversity crisis.

the rate of extinction among marine animal species as a result of the crisis did not approach 77 percent.

(e) the dinosaurs comprised the great majority of species that perished during the crisis.

10. the author mentions the nile perch in order to provide an example of

(a) a species that has become extinct through human activity

(b) the typical lack of foresight that has led to biogeographic disaster

(c) a marine animal species that survived the permian extinctions

(d) a species that is a potential source of material wealth

(e) the kind of action that is necessary to reverse the decline in species diversity

11. all of the following are explicitly mentioned in the passage as contributing to the extinction of species except

(a) hunting

(b) pollution

(c) deforestation

(d) the growth of human populations

(e) human-engineered changes in the environment

12. the passage suggests which one of the following about material and cultural wealth?

属于信息题(中可定位的)

because we can readily assess the value of material and cultural wealth， we tend not to take them for granted.

just as the biota is a source of potential material wealth， it is an untapped source of cultural wealth as well.

some degree of material and cultural wealth may have to be sacrificed if we are to protect our biological heritage.

material and cultural wealth are of less value than biological wealth because they have evolve over a shorter period of time.

material wealth and biological wealth are interdependent in a way that material wealth and cultural wealth are not.

13. the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the consequences of the biodiversity crisis?

the loss of species diversity will have as immediate an impact on the material of nations as on their biological wealth.

the crisis will likely end the hegemony of the human race and bring about the ascendancy of another species.

the effects of the loss of species diversity will be dire， but we cannot yet tell how dire.

it is more fruitful to discuss the consequences of the crisis in terms of the potential loss to humanity than in strictly biological loss to humanity than in strictly biological terms.

the consequences of the crisis can be minimized， but the pace of extinctions can not be reversed. 　　

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