美国法学院入学考试（LSAT）阅读笔记（3）.

LSAT考试阅读笔记：文章套路

新老观点对比型

a.结构：老观点+驳斥老观点+新观点

b.特点：喜新厌旧、标新立异

c.判断标志：

喜新厌旧的语言特征：古老的时间状语，traditionally，old，was (it was once believed)，recently(可能是老观点)，usually

标新立异的语言特征：most，，many，frequently

如果发现重要的转折词则可以确定为新老观点对比型

d.新观点出现的位置：一段中部或二段开头

e.主题句：说明新观点的句子

要特别注意主题句，对于内容性的主题句尤其应当如此

现象解释型

a.结构：现象+解释

b.现象：自然科学中的现象;社会科学中的史实，由人物、时间、事件构成

c.解释：会存在多种解释，其中正确的解释是文章的主题句;有的文章也许没有正确理论(主题句)，但仍属于现象解释型

问题解决型

a.结构：提问+解决

b.提问：

疑问性问题：文章一开始就是问句，有疑问词或问号;或者以“question”，“puzzle”等词的形式出现。着重看如何回答。

任务性问题：以“difficulty”，“task”，“challenge”等词的形式出现。着重看如何完成。

c.解决：往往有多种解决方案，各有评价;往往是负评价+……+负评价+正确的解决方案(通常在最后)

d.主题句：说明正确的解决方案的核心句就是主题句;但也有些文章都是大负小正的评价，此时看过程不看结果，无主题句就无内容型的主题题。

结论解释型

a.总分结构

b.特征：开始先说观点，标志性强，通常是判断句，以系动词，情态动词，自由褒贬词为标志;此时可看文章各段的开头

c.主题句：如开头的判断句是文章的总论，它就是主题句

5.后三种套路的区分

看文章开头的后半部分：描述原因的是现象解释型;讲述改进方法，解决问题的是问题解决型;更具体的描述是结论解释型 　　

客观题题型

1.直接事实题

a.特征：对文章的具体细节进行提问，题干有时会表示明显的因果关系

b.做法：看笔记，做定位，回原文做同义变换

c.同义变换：

a.换词：同义词

例：the historians have broadened the conventional view of nineteenth-century feminism.

分页标题#e#

→ the historians have expanded the traditional view of nineteenth-century feminism.

b.换句型：名词结构换为动词搭配

例：the minority groups lack access to the sizable orders that are generated by large companies.

→ the minority groups do not have sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporation.

c.逻辑变换：做逆否变换

例：the suffragists were demanding power that was not based on the institution of the family， women’s traditional sphere.

→ those who participated in the women suffragists movement sought social roles for women that were not defined by women’s familial roles.

2.取非题

otherwise表示相反关系;a otherwise b，文中有a，问b如何，则对a取非

简单取非：有明显的强对比的词，如on the contrary， on the other hand， contrast等，直接做180度的转变。如告诉你一个的特征，问另一个。

改善题

形式：虚拟语气(标志)+表示改善或更好的说法(往往用比较级，如if…，…more…)

做法：回原文中找缺点，做取非;如一人漏了大的，拿了小的，问如何改善，做取非，都拿。

例：however， these patterns cannot be viewed as an adaptation to wind pollination because the spiral arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated plants.

question： it can be inferred from the passage that the claim that the spiral arrangement is an adaptation to wind pollination would be more convincing if which of the following were true?

(a) such an arrangement occurred only in wind-pollinated plants.

(b) such an arrangement occurred in vascular plants as a whole.

(c) such an arrangement could be shown to be beneficial to pollen release.

(d) the number of bracts could be shown to have increased over time.

(e) the airflow patterns over the cone’s surfaces could be shown to be produced by such arrangements.

3.逻辑题(类似于逻辑单题)

支持题

形式：which of the following， if true(标志)， will most support(strengthen)/weaken the view in the passage?

做法：

直接事例法：文章中有抽象的的理论，我们把它具体化、量化

例：which of the following， if true， would most clearly demonstrate the interaction mentioned in the last sentence?

(a) female larks respond similarly both to short， simple songs and to longer， more complicated songs.

(b) male canaries use visual ornamentation as well as elaborate song repertoires for mate attraction.

(c) both male and female blackbirds develop elaborate visual and vocal characteristics.

(d) male jays use songs to compete among themselves and to attract females.

(e) male robins with elaborate visual ornamentation have as much reproductive success as rivals with elaborate vocal characteristics.

分页标题#e#

搭桥法：如文中说a → b，找 a → c → b

例：in one behavioral experiment， researchers successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water， one with a weak electrical field and another with none. such evidence is consistent with researchers’ hypothesis that anteaters use electro receptors to detect electrical signals given off by prey; however， researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical signals emanating from termite mounds， where the favorite food of anteaters live.

which of the following， if true， would most strengthen the hypothesis mentioned in the passage?

(a) researchers are able to detect anteaters to break into an underground chamber that is emitting a strong electrical signal.

(b) researchers are able to detect a weak electrical signal emanating from the nesting chamber of an ant colony.

(c) anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer amounts of time to locate the nesting chambers of ants.

(d) anteaters are observed using various angles to break into nests of ants.

(e) anteaters are observed using the same angle used with nests of ants to break into the nests of other types of prey. 　　

反对题

釜底抽薪：原因推出结果，直接驳斥原因。如文章说农民不满缺地，就驳斥说有地

欲擒故纵(反证法)：先说你可能是正确地，再逐步推出绝对荒谬的结果来，从而达到驳斥的目的。如文章说鸟有天文导航系统，则可驳斥说，如果这样的话，鸟也就有了fantastic(不可能)的地图系统

直接否定法：直接说文章中的论断是错的。

例：the backgrounds and reasons of participants in the may insurrection of 1871 have been identified， however cursorily.

which of the following is the most logical objections to the claim made in the passage?

(a) the february revolution of 1848 is much less significant than the july insurrection of 1830.

(b) the backgrounds and motivations of participants in the july insurrection of1830 have been identified， however cursorily.

(c) even less is known about the july insurrection of1830 than about the february revolution of 1848.

(d) historical records made during the july insurrection of1830 are less reliable than those made during the may insurrection of 1871.

(e) the importance of the july insurrection of1830 has been magnified at the expense of the significance of the february revolution of 1848.

它因法：存在其他原因，如文中说 a → b，题里找 c 也可以→ b

4.举例作用题

形式：题干前面是例子，后三词是in order to

做法：例子为结论服务，答案要在例子的结论中找

先结论后例子：标志词如，for example， for instance， such as， like等，此时答案往前找

先例子后结论：如先讲个故事，然后说由此可见;标志词多为表示因果关系的词，如as a result等

例子和结论罗列在一起，没有标志词：这种情况多是先结论后例子，此时答案往前找，做同义变换

5.信息题

形式：which of the following is true?

the author of the passage agrees (does not agree) with which of the following?

the information in the passage answers (does not answer) which of the following question?

做法：解这类题的技巧少

题干中有定位的，如有if， about， concerning， regarding这类词，此时可回原文找答案

题干中无定位的，只可根据笔记一个个做，用排除法，有敏感词如most，only等，文中又没有提及的，可首先排除

6.排除题

特征：一定有大写的except

做法：注意文中的例举，如四小项例举容易出题;有时要做同义变换

例：afro-american poetry owes its early forms， rhythms， vocabulary， and evangelical fervor to wesleyan hymnals.

question：all of the following aspects of afro-american poetry are referred to in the passage as having been influenced by wesley hymnals except

(a) subject matter (b)word choice (c) rhythm (d) structure (e) religious tone

7.类比题

形式：which of the following is most similar to the situation in…? (similar to， analogous to， parallel， consistent with)

做法：把文章中具体的内容抽象出规律来，抓住本质特征

例：although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles， the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. consequently， more than 100 cites in the united stats still have levels of toxic gases that exceed legally established limits.

question：which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the two sentences?

(a) although a town reduces its public service in order to avoid a tax increase， the town’s tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area.

(b) although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can be disposed of in public landfill， illegal dumping continues to increase.

(c) although a town’s citizens reduce their individual use of water， the town’s water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total population of the town.

(d) although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods， the sale of imported goods within the country continue to increase.

分页标题#e#

(e) although a country reduces the speed limit on its national highway， the number of fatalities caused by automobile accidents continues to increase.

主观题题型

1.主题题

2.态度题

选项中常见的四种错误类型

1.混：张冠李戴，如把a的特征说成b，文中说a动乱，b……，但选项中却说b发生了动乱

2.偏：以偏概全，将局部特征当做全部特征

3.反：与文章中内容相反

4.无：文章中没有出现过的新内容，如文中说a去了b地，但选项中却说a开车去了b地

前两种难度大，后两种出现的多

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