【高中英语】阅读理解主旨题第一步：锁定主题句（上）

高考中，一类每年都会在阅读理解部分中出现的题型便是主旨题，要正确选出主旨题的答案选项，最关键便是迅速地抓住文章或段落的中心思想。首先要搜索目标，找出文章及段落中的主题句。了解了它们的含义，就可以顺着提供的主要线索去捕捉文章的相关信息，从而获得解决问题的答案。

主题句一般具有三个特点：

(1) 概括性强：表述的意思比较概括。

(2) 结构简单：句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。

(3) 受它支撑：段落中其他的句子是用来解释、支撑或发展该句所表述的主题思想。

主题句在文中可能有不同的出现位置，以下是常见的四种通过在段落中所处的不同的位置体现的主题句的规律。

1．首句是主题句

①给予例证、解释或说明的段落；

②下定义的段落；

③对两个或两个以上的事物作比较或对比的段落；

④表明原因和结果(往往结果交代在前)的段落。

主题句是首句的段落总是用演绎法撰写，遵循从一般到个别或特殊的写作程序，即以概述开段，随之辅以细说。这样的段落在文章中出现得最多，据专门研究阅读理论与技巧的专家们统计，概率达到70%。请看下例：

People who talk and sing to plants have no mental problems at all, according to an agricultural expert. "In fact, singing and talking to plants makes them grow better," says DrBraymar. The reason is quite simple. When we sing or talk to plants, we exhale(呼出) CO2 which plants need to survive (continue to live)and grow better. Plants absorb (take in) CO2 through their pores(小孔) during the sunlight hours and produce oxygen which people to survive. Singing and talking have good effect on plants, however, only during the daytime. Singing or talking at bedtime will not help plants to grow better or grow faster.

本段的首句是主题句，其后的句子或是解释说明“对植物说话或唱歌有益于植物”，或是为这一主题思想提供论据。本段的结尾句呼应主题句，在给予主题思想又一论据的同时，幽默地收尾。

2．段落尾句是主题句

(1)阐述一个不常见的或难以令人接受的观点的段落 。

(2)旨在说服读者相信甚至信服其论点的段落。

尾句是主题句的段落总是用归纳法撰写的，其程序是先表述细节或交代论据，最后作出概括性的结论，以总结性的句子收尾。这种写作方法的特点是从个别到一般，由特殊性到共性。请看下例：

If you hadn't known them, you would have thought Joe and Jim were quite alike. They were both tall and wore long and fair hair. They both walked with a steady stride (坚定的步伐). They both spoke in a deep voice that made themselves seem much older than they really were. Both of them wore dark clothes as a rule, and they liked light coloured ties. But that was all the likeness they had. In other things they were sharply different. Joe was considerate and helpful, and everyone liked him. Jim, however, was very selfish and often flared into terrible anger (勃然大怒) at little things that displeased him. Alike as Joe and Jim were on the surface, they were really very different in nature.

这段文字从乔与吉姆两个人相像和不同的细节叙述，最后一句作了归纳总结：这两人表面相似，但实质极不相同。

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