A-Level信息通讯技术-新通讯技术New Communications Technology。

Revision: Effects of New Communications Technology

　　Electronic Commerce ("e-commerce")

　　Buying and selling – can be by interactive television, web sites, e-mail.

　　Advantages

　　24 hours a day, on line order tracking, immediate availability check

　　Price comparison websites (Kelkoo, Pricerunner – ACTIVITY try these out!)

　　Ebay – what is it? – provides ready access to buying and selling for ALL (ACTIVITY – try it out - www.ebay.ca )

　　Implications for busy people, disabled, housebound, those living in rural areas.

　　Disadvantages

　　Giving out bank/card details, delivery problems, view/feel before you buy, returning goods.

　　Most of these points reflect major customer care issues for the new businesses – get it right and you can make major profits – e.g. Amazon

　　Video Conferencing

　　Use of microphone and camera to interact with another person

　　Advantages: No travel costs, jetlag, time off work, planning to assemble required people in one location, immediate contact anywhere in the world.

　　Implications: Control – ability to check up

　　Disadvantages: Cost of equipment, compatibility of equipment, planning to set it up, hardware failure, technical expertise of user.

　　Text Messaging

　　Use of mobile phones…relatively cheap and available

　　Very easy to keep in touch

　　Emergence of a new modern shorthand

　　With new technologies there is a need for:

　　Retraining

　　Training the individuals to cope with the developing technologies

　　Rate of technological change means that training is ongoing

　　Re-skilling to cope with changing work practices/regimes

　　For example call centers being set up in traditional coal mining areas

　　Redirection of people’s careers by giving them new skills

　　With changing rate of technology, skills need to be transferable

　　Potential loss of old skills (e.g. traditional methods) and a reliance on the new.

　　Standards

　　What is a standard?

　　A standard is a technical specification that has been approved by a standardizing body

　　e.g. HTML (the web page language) is approved by W3C (www.w3c.org), the worldwide Internet standards body

　　Standards are usually a voluntary convention, but with many people using it there is often no reason to do things (make products, write webpage, etc) another way

　　Standards include elements relating to:

　　……

　　If a customer buys a product with a standard, the criteria have been met.

　　Each standardizing body issues standards in its area. In order for its standardized products to work with another body’s standards there needs to be overlap and consistency between different standards.

These are known as harmonized standards

　　Examples: technologies for PCs (USB, Firewire, CD Rom are standardized so many manufacturers can produce compatible devices – there are many firms which make MP3 players, but they all work in the same way, albeit with some different functions)

　　Importance of Standards

　　Required so that a wide range of different products that are available as separate entities can work together in a specific application

　　For example, if you buy a telephone you expect it to work with your telephone system – it does because of standards.

　　If items meet a set standard then they have to have passed a series of tests

　　This means they have clear levels of performance and quality

　　Reduces uncertainty – as a purchaser you known it will work if it has the standard (e.g. BSI kitemark)

　　Increases choice in the market place

　　System Life Cycle

　　Definition of the Problem

　　Determining what the problem is that is to be solved

　　Can be generated by the management

　　Should be very specific not general in nature

　　Series of criteria are stated that must be met for the problem to be eradicated (often known as “Objectives” or "User Requirements")

　　Investigation and Analysis

　　Verification of the Problem

　　Must make sure that the problem given is the problem to be solved – is it the ‘real’ problem

　　You need to find out more about the existing system and the problem

　　Use of variety of techniques

　　Questionnaires/interview & Observation

　　Following a paper trail (documentation of current methods)

　　Ways of organizing the information gathered include:

　　System diagrams

　　Data flow diagrams

　　Organizational charts

　　Design

　　Designing a solution

　　Interfaces

　　Input/Output documents

　　Procedures – what happens to the data

　　File structures

　　Access, search and sort routines

　　Design of testing

　　Prototyping

　　Development

　　Taking the design and putting it into practice

　　May be done by a different team of people from the Analysis

　　Writing programming code

　　Creating documents/reports

　　Screen designs become reality

　　Testing

　　Testing data includes:

　　Normal data - Everyday correct data

　　Extreme data - Correct data on the boundaries of tolerance

　　Erroneous/Invalid - Data that is incorrect

　　Test individual routines

　　Test whole components

　　integration between components

Test entire system

　　User acceptance testing

　　Implementation

　　Changeover methods

　　Direct - Old system stops and new one begins

　　Parallel - Systems run together for a set period of time – results compared

　　Phased/Pilot - Part of a system is brought on line

　　Requires:

　　……

　　Evaluation

　　Does the finished solution meet its requirements?

　　Does it solve the problem?

　　Maintenance

　　Corrective

　　Fixing bugs

　　Adaptive

　　Adapting the system to changes in the environment

　　Perfective

　　Improving the performance of the system – tweaking

　　Maintenance is ongoing – never stops.

　　Can include things such as checking paper in the printer, backup of files, etc

　　Requirements Specification and System Specification

　　These are the 2 key documents that are produced in the Systems Life Cycle to help ensure success. You need to know the difference between the two of them

　　The contents of the requirements specification:

　　What the system should do

　　Individual targets it needs to meet

　　It is needed for evaluation

　　The contents of the system specification:

　　How the system meets the requirements

　　What is needed to make the system work

　　Technical documentation - the user interface design, its functionality, how it relates to systems data and other system functions.

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