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雅思听力
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2016-08-26 14:13
来源：新东方整理
作者：上海新东方
Revision: Marxist Theorists
Marx believed that it was often the powerful minority (bourgeoisie) who imposed their ideas on the powerless majority (proletariat).
Althusser believed that Ideological State Apparatuses (media forms e.g. TV) which operated alongside Repressive State Apparatuses (police, military etc) to maintain Bourgeois ideologies such as religion, education, family, legal and political system and cultural and communications systems. This was achieved through interpellation where the audience is positioned to believe that the ideologies given are correct.
Gramsci believed in Hegemony - the dominance of ruling class values in media texts influences audiences to believe that these values are 'common place'
Eisenstein believed that all conventions used by Hollywood cinema are designed to draw audiences into believing in capitalist propaganda and ideologies. He believed the way to get around these conventions was to focus on the group rather than the individual and to tell the narrative through montage to make the audience realize that what they are watching isn't real.
Williams rejected the term 'mass culture' and instead believed that products of culture industries are either 'low culture', suitable for workers, or 'high culture', e.g. ballet or opera with 'high culture' having a great status than 'low culture'. This exists today with theatres having greater status than cinemas. This also explains why most US film actors go onto acting at theatres as they want to prove themselves as serious actors which are gained through the difference in status.
Barthes believed that texts can be deconstructed in three different ways - denotation (what's physically there), connotation (what are the surface and implied meanings of what's there) and the mythic (ideologies that arise from the text). He also was the narrative theorist who believed in enigma codes.
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