11.More than three million people live in inner London, and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area, which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London.

　　结构：本句有5个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为两个并列的live。which引导非限定性定语从句修suburban area;that引导定语从句修饰villages，而what引导form的宾语从句。可以拆分为：

　　1) More than … people live in inner London.

　　2) And nearly five million people live in …area.

　　3) The area is made up of … villages.

　　4) The villages have merged to form.

　　5) What is now called outer London.

　　翻译：三百多万人住在伦敦市区，将近五百多万人住在周边郊区——该地区由以前分散的村庄组成，后来逐渐合并形成今天所谓的外部伦敦。

　　12.The journey and the stay are (by definition) outside the normal places of residence and work and are of short-term and temporary nature, and there is a clear intention to return home within a relatively short period of time.

　　结构：本句有三个并列的主句谓语动词。两个are的共同主语是the journey and the stay。(by definition)分割了are和表语outside the normal places。nature在这里表示“本质、性质”的意思。本句可以拆分为：

　　1) The journey and the stay are outside the normal places of residence and work.

　　2) The journey and the stay are of short-term and temporary nature.

　　3) There is a clear intention to return home …

　　翻译：(旅游中的)旅程和停留从定义上讲是在通常的居住和工作处所之外的，而且有一种短暂的性质。在短期之内，还要有一个明确的回家的意图。

　　13.The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.

　　结构：本句有3个谓语动词，其中第二个are focused是主句的谓语动词。rather than意思是“而非”，其前后并列两个on引导的介词短语。拆分为：

　　1) The limited investments are … focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills.

　　2) The investments are made in training workers.

　　3) The skills make it possible to absorb new technologies.

　　翻译：用于培训工人的有限投资也被集中用在训练完成下一个工作的必要技能上，而非用在可以吸收新技术的基本技能培训上。

　　14.We have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality, and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly.

　　结构：本句有4个谓语动词，其中主句的谓语动词为have tried，不定式to后面并列两个动词isolate和offer。两个of并列作为examples的后置定语。of some指代的是of some organizations。本句可以拆分为：

　　1) We have tried to isolate some of the key factors. and offer examples of organizations and of some.

　　2) Factors govern service quality.

　　3) Organizations manage service well.

　　4) Organizations manage it poorly.

　　翻译：我们力图挑选出一些控制服务质量的关键因素，并且提供一些例子来说明某些机构把服务管理得很好，而有些却很差。

　　15. Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.

　　结构：本句只有2个谓语动词have distinguished和have ensured。主干是Human beings have distinguished themselves … and … ensured their survival。by引导的方式状语后面并列了多个动词不定式to observe and understand…/to adapt to…/to control and adapt it to…，作为ability的修饰成分。

　　翻译：人类已经将自己与其他动物区分开来，并且通过这样做来确保自己的生存，所依靠的就是通过观察和理解周围的环境，然后适应，控制并且改造该环境，使其适合自己需要的能力。

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