雅思阅读实战模拟试题（三）

　　Answer keys

　　1. 第一段“Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional protection.”似与问题文字很接近，但是原文中a popular secondary security measure是指特定的一个措施，而非泛指所有secondary security measure。原文没有其它secondary security measure安全有效性的内容。故应选择NG。

　　2. 见第4、5段内容。第四段 “But the researchers had secretly withdrawn the images.”即研究人员撤下了图形，第五段“Only two chose not to log on, citing security concerns.”，有两个人因为安全考虑未进入。

　　3. T 见第6段。

　　4. F 见第11、14段。

　　5. F 见第11段“Bank of America was among the first to adopt it”，可见首批采用图形识别软件的银行并非Bank of America一家。

　　6. A financial institution 见第二段。

　　7. (their) passwords 见第三段。

　　8. less convenience 见第十段。

　　9. identity 见第八、十段。

　　10. Silicon Valley 见第十一段。

　　11. easy to use 见第十二段。

　　12. site maintenance message 见第十三段“When respondents logged in during the study, they saw a site maintenance message on the screen where their image and phrases should have been pictured.”

　　13. 4 分别见第十段的“download new security software”和“hardware devices that feed them PIN codes”，第十五段的“a small software program, called a cookie”，以及本文提到的site-authentication images。

★Seeking an energy holy trinity

　　Jan 10th 2007

　　From Economist.com

　　1 NEELIE KROES, the European Union's competition commissioner, did not mince her words when reporting on Europe's energy markets on Wednesday January 10th. Europe's energy firms have failed to invest in networks and so customers are suffering. Those “vertically integrated” energy companies such as Electricité de France (EDF) or Germany's E.ON, widely dubbed as “national champions”, are effectively behaving like local monopolies. Shy of competition, eager for artificially high prices, they are helping to block the efficient generation, transmission and distribution of energy on the continent.

　　2 Energy prices vary wildly across Europe. Ms Kroes wants to see cheaper energy, and intends to push suppliers to divest their distribution network and to get them to invest more in transportation systems so that more energy—in the form of gas, or electricity, for example—can flow easily over borders. It is remarkably hard, for example, for gas-poor Germany to import from the neighbouring, gas-rich Netherlands. Companies that dominate national markets have, so far, had little interest in improving the interconnections which would mean lower prices for consumers across the continent.

　　3 Ms Kroes, of course, will struggle to get her way. The European Commission, which on the same day presented its recommendation for improving EU energy policy, also wants to see the unbundling of ownership, the legal separation of energy suppliers and transporters, something that the integrated energy companies and interested governments, notably in France and Germany, are bound to oppose ferociously.

　　4 Complicating the matter is an argument over the security of energy supply in Europe. Much has been made of the risk for western Europe of depending too heavily on Russian exports of gas. Russia under Vladimir Putin is prone to using energy exports as a blunt tool of foreign policy, especially when trying to bully countries in its hinterland. Last year Russia interrupted gas deliveries to Ukraine, affecting supplies in central and western Europe too. This week it blocked oil exports passing via Belarus to Europe, though that spat was soon resolved.

　　5 The risk is that concerns about security of supply may be used spuriously by those in Europe who oppose the sort of liberalisation encouraged by Ms Kroes. The likes of E.ON and EDF may claim that only protected national champions are able to secure supply, by striking long-term deals with powerful foreign suppliers. The Commission disagrees. Such deals are too often politically motivated and far from transparent. Protection has been tried for long enough and evidently has not worked for the internal market, nor have these companies secured the best deals for consumers from the Russians.

　　6 In contrast, the Commission's new policy proposes, ideally, a break-up of these companies into suppliers and distributors. (As a second best solution, especially for France and Germany, it recommends the management of the networks by a third party.) Properly independent managers of Europe's energy networks would have a strong incentive to build interconnecting pipelines and power lines across borders. For the gas market another means of ensuring competition and security would be finding a more diverse range of suppliers, for example by building more terminals for the import of liquified natural gas. It would also be likely to mean lower prices, if the example of liberalised Britain over the past ten years is anything to go by.

　　7 Whether any of this is likely to happen soon, however, is another matter. The Commission is also calling for European governments to agree on a common effort to reduce carbon emissions by at least 20% by 2020 (compared with 1990 levels). If America is willing to play ball, the Commission proposes to reduce emissions by as much as 30%. Achieving either target would mean promoting cleaner cars, a more effective emissions-trading system for Europe, wider use of public transport and a sharp increase in the use of renewable sources of energy, like wind and solar power. All that is laudable enough, but will also require political horse-trading as governments—Europe's leaders are due to meet in March to discuss the various energy proposals—try to avoid commitments that may hurt domestic energy companies or make European firms less competitive than rivals in America, Asia and elsewhere.

　　(689 words)

　　Questions 1-5

　　Do the following statements reflect the views of the writer in the reading passage?

　　In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet write

　　YES if the statement reflects the views of the writer

　　NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage

　　1.Europe's energy companies have funded the construction of the distribution network.

　　2.There has been a wide range of energy prices within Europe.

　　3.Gas-poor Germany has to pay a price higher than average to import gas from its neighbour.

　　4.E.ON and EDF may oppose the liberalisation due to their concerns about the security of energy supply.

　　5.The European Commission proposes to reduce carbon emissions by 30% if the U.S. is willing to cut its.

　　Questions 6-10

　　Look at the box of countries below.

　　Choose One or Two countries to complete the following sentences.

　　Write your answers in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.

　　Countries

　　A. Belarus

　　B. Britain

　　C. France

　　D. Germany

　　E. Russia

　　F. Ukraine

　　G. The U.S.

　　6. It's dangerous for western Europe to depend too much on gas imports from ……

　　7. A liberalised policy of energy supply was enforced over ten years in …

　　8. Last year energy supplies in central and western Europe was affected owing to the interruption of gas deliveries to …

　　9. The governments in …… are bound to oppose the separation of energy suppliers and transporters?

　　10. Oil exports passing via … to Europe was blocked this week.

　　Questions 11-14

　　Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading passage above for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 11-14.

　　11. The EC disagrees with energy firms to strike long-term deals with foreign suppliers because such deals are usually far from …

　　12. The EC proposes to split those “national champions” into …

　　13. A more diverse range of suppliers would guarantee …in the European gas market.

　　14. The realization of carbon emissions reduction would require the promotion of cleaner cars，a better emissions-trading system，wider use of public transport and more use of … of energy.

　　Key and Explanations:

　　1. No

　　See para.1: Europe's energy firms have failed to invest in networks…

　　2. Yes

　　See para.2: Energy prices vary wildly across Europe.

　　3. Not Given

　　See para.2: It is remarkably hard，for example，for gas-poor Germany to import from the neighbouring，gas-rich Netherlands.

　　4. No

　　See para.5: The risk is that concerns about security of supply may be used spuriously by those in Europe who oppose the sort of liberalisation encouraged by Ms Kroes. The likes of E.ON and EDF may claim that…

　　5. Yes

　　See para.7: If America is willing to play ball，the Commission proposes to reduce emissions by as much as 30%.

　　6. E

　　See para.4: Much has been made of the risk for western Europe of depending too heavily on Russian exports of gas.

　　7. B

　　See para.6: It would also be likely to mean lower prices，if the example of liberalised Britain over the past ten years is anything to go by.

　　8. F

　　See para.4: Last year Russia interrupted gas deliveries to Ukraine，affecting supplies in central and western Europe too.

　　9. C，D

　　See para.3: …the legal separation of energy suppliers and transporters，something that the integrated energy companies and interested governments，notably in France and Germany，are bound to oppose ferociously.

　　10. A

　　See para.4: This week it blocked oil exports passing via Belarus to Europe，though that spat was soon resolved.

　　11. transparent

　　See para.5: by striking long-term deals with powerful foreign suppliers. The Commission disagrees. Such deals are too often politically motivated and far from transparent.

　　12. suppliers and distributors

　　See the sentences in para.1 (Those “vertically integrated” energy companies such as Electricité de France (EDF) or Germany's E.ON，widely dubbed as “national champions”…) and para.6 (…the Commission's new policy proposes，ideally，a break-up of these companies into suppliers and distributors.)

　　13. competition and security

　　See para.6: For the gas market another means of ensuring competition and security would be finding a more diverse range of suppliers…

　　14. renewable sources

　　See para.7: Achieving either target would mean promoting cleaner cars，a more effective emissions-trading system for Europe，wider use of public transport and a sharp increase in the use of renewable sources of energy…

★Time to cool it

　　Dec 13th 2006

　　From The Economist print edition

　　1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology: solid, reliable and just a little bit dull.They have not changed much over the past century, but then they have not needed to.They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it.This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling buildings.Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration.Heat pumps are no longer up to the job.The search is on for something to replace them.

　　2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials.These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.This effect is used in infra-red cameras.An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image.But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process.That inverse exists, however.Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.

　　3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University.Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.

　　4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy.He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them.He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners.The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.

　　5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time.One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well.In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in number, the components are getting faster.Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates.Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.And the frequency has doubled a lot.The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second.The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.

　　6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds.The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃.At 85℃, they stop working.Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit.So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks.And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to have the end of the road in sight.

　　7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon, the thermoelectric effect.Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source.Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.

　　8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted.In practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko).Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.

　　9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere.To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.

　　(830 words)

　　Questions 1-5

　　Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.

　　Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

　　A. Apple

　　B. IBM

　　C. Intel

　　D. Alex Mischenko

　　E. Ali Shakouri

　　F. Rama Venkatasubramanian

　　1....and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.

　　2....sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.

　　3....says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.

　　4....claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.

　　5....attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.

　　Questions 6-9

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?

　　In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet write

　　TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage

　　FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage

　　NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

　　6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.

　　7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.

　　8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.

　　9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.

　　Question 10

　　Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.

　　10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect?

　　A. Tweaking the processors?heat sinks.

　　B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.

　　C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.

　　D. None of the above.

　　Questions 11-14

　　Complete the notes below.

　　Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.

　　Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present, scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration, especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.

　　Key and Explanations:

　　1. D

　　See Paragraph 3: ...Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...

　　2. C

　　See Paragraph 5: The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second.

　　3. F

　　See Paragraph 8: ...Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.

　　4. E

　　See Paragraph 8: Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.

　　5. B

　　See Paragraph 9: To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.

　　6. TRUE

　　See Paragraph 2: ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.

　　7. FALSE

　　See Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges?

　　8. FALSE

　　See Paragraph 5: Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.

　　9. NOT GIVEN

　　See Paragraph 9: In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.

　　10. D

　　See Paragraph 6: Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ?has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems?also seems to have the end of the road in sight.

　　11. heat

　　See Paragraph 1: Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.

　　12. paraelectric

　　See Paragraph 3: Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.

　　13. thermoelectric

　　See Paragraph 7: ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.

　　14. radiator

　　See Paragraph 9: The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.