雅思写作确立观点的几条原则

　　兼职工作：

　　After-school jobs are bad for teenagers because they take time away from studying.

　　运动：

　　Sport is a waste of school time and resources.

　　2.生理原则：

　　体育课：

　　Encouraging physical activity in the young through compulsory PE fights child obesity and contributes to forming lifelong habits of exercise.

　　体罚：

　　The actual physical damage inflicted via corporal punishment on children can be horrifying.

　　Some parents lose control and can injure children - even breaking bones or causing bruises.

　　禁烟：

　　There is little doubt that smoking tobacco is extremely harmful to the smoker's health.

　　配枪：

　　Routinely arming police officers allows them to defend themselves.

　　3.心理原则

　　电视：

　　Depression is a well-known psychological problem of modern society. The popularity of TV watching is among the reasons of this phenomenon. Violence， aggression， crimes and wars are broadcast through the daily news as well as in movies， showing dark pictures that encourage psychological tension， pessimism and negative emotions.

　　While TV and movies shouldn't be a way to hide from life， sometimes it can help us to cope.

　　压力：

　　Some students have mental breakdowns and， in extreme cases， attempt suicide because they cannot handle the pressure.

　　体罚：

　　They learn that force is an acceptable factor in human interaction; they feel humiliated and lose self-respect.

　　A physical punishment is likely to provoke resentment and further misbehavior.

　　课外活动：

　　Without the opportunity to do this， they could grow up immature and unformed.

　　Iit is also important to remember that children need to relax as well as work. If everything they do must have educational or academic relevance， then they will soon get tired of studying altogether， which is the last thing parents would want.

　　抽烟：

　　First， smoking undoubtedly helps many people to relax.

　　Indeed the more of a 'forbidden fruit' cigarettes become， the more attractive they will be to adolescents.( 逆反心理)

　　媒体：

　　Excessive sex and violence in the media can lead to similar behaviour in viewers (studies in the USA have shown this).

　　Psychologists claim that television does not have a simple， direct stimulus-response effect on its audiences. (模仿心理)

　　配枪：

　　Routinely arming the police is an effective deterrent to criminal behaviour.

　　People may feel safer when they see armed police， especially if they perceive them as a response to a heightened risk.

　　4.权利自由原则

　　动物：

　　It is a breach of their natural rights to take them by force into captivity for our own purposes.

　　Animals have the right to be treated as beings of value in themselves， not as the means to human ends.

　　死刑：

　　The right to life is inviolable and protected by law.

　　One human right is the right to life and taking a life away by execution is cruel， inhumane and degrading.

　　极限运动：

　　People should be free to participate in activities with others as long as it does not affect the safety of non-participants.

　　摄像机：

　　They feel that being watched constantly is like being in a jail， and that ordinary people are losing their freedom because of these devices.

　　强迫老年人退休：

　　Compulsorily retiring old employees can affect the older individual's freedom - and right - to work and can deprive society of valuable experience and insights.

　　禁酒：

　　Banning alcohol infringes people's civil liberties to an unacceptable degree.

　　禁烟：

　　While a government has a responsibility to protect its population， it also has a responsibility to defend their freedom of choice.

　　新闻审查：

　　Banning advertisements is a severe restriction upon freedom of speech.

　　We have accepted that freedom of expression should have limits.

　　The risks of stifling free expression far outweigh the potential for unacceptable material.

　　An individual's rights end when they impinge on the safety and rights of others.

　　媒体报道名人：

　　Famous people deserve privacy and respect.

　　Although， generally speaking， the media should not interfere in people's private lives， there are times when it is correct to do so.

　　母亲在家带孩子：

　　Mothers should have as much freedom as anyone else in society to decide what is best for them and their children.

　　家庭教育：

　　If they feel that the child would be best educated at home， by them or by another， that is their right.

　　控制人口：

　　They feel that this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves.

　　分开教育：

　　Among these opponents are “equal education” advocates， who argue that every student has the same right to enjoying high quality education regardless of gender， race， wealth， and most importantly， regardless of their minor differences in intellectual abilities.

　　资助艺术：

　　So-called “elite culture” should be available for all to enjoy， and not just confined to the rich.

　　5.文化原则

　　1)文化重要性

　　捕鲸：

　　Whale hunting is an important aspect of some people's cultural heritage.

　　建筑：

　　Architecture is part of a country's cultural heritage.

　　语言：

　　Language is a type of cultural heritage.

　　Language is often seen as a badge of identity and more conflict may be created if the global community is seen to prefer one language to another.

　　电视：

　　Television is mostly directed to films and shows that have commercial purposes but little cultural value.

　　旅游：

　　It is not purely ecosystems which are damaged by the pressure of consumption (e.g. by sewage output or pressure on water resources)， but also ancient monuments or heritage sites.

　　2)文化多元性

　　电视：

　　It changes our society for the worse， making us all conform to a bland， “Hollywood” model of entertainment in which regional traditions and diversity are lost.

　　语言：

　　The diversity of languages is endlessly fascinating.

　　政府资助艺术：

　　Subsidised companies can afford to take more risks and to experiment， enabling new styles and forms of art to emerge and to become popular.

　　旅游：

　　Tourism demands that an area conform to a certain stereotyped image， requiring the local inhabitants to make a caricature of their own culture.

　　寄宿学校：(多样性)

　　Spending all your time in school restricts the circle of people you come into contact with.

　　Interaction with other pupils is a crucial element of a child's development.

　　体育：

　　PE is an aspect of school being about more than just book learning – it is about educating the whole person， a holistic education that betters us in an all-round sense， rather than a merely academic experience.

　　6.道义原则：

　　捕鲸：

　　Killing whales for human use is morally wrong.

　　Modern whaling is humane， especially compared to the factory farming of animals like chickens， cow and pigs， (themselves a relatively intelligent and social species).

　　捕猎：

　　Traditional hunting methods are often particularly cruel.

　　Overall， however， the essential point is that it is morally wrong to kill animals for pleasure and no amount of economic benefits can make that right.

　　动物试验：

　　We need to make sure that the millions of animals who are used for testing new products are treated with the minimum of suffering. Although some animal testing may be unavoidable at present， treating our fellow creatures as mercifully as possible will demonstrate our humanity.

　　Those against the use of animal testing claim that it is inhumane to use animals in experiments. I disagree completely. It would be much more inhumane to test new drugs on children or adults.

　　治疗还是教育：

　　Obviously， there is a strong human argument for catching any medical condition as early as possible.

　　7.教育原则：

　　电视：

　　Many scientific and cultural programs are shown on television， which give new educational opportunities for our society.

　　动物园：

　　Zoos nowadays are not marketed as places of entertainment - they are places of education.

　　博物馆免费：

　　Free and cheap access to the arts is crucial for education.

　　死刑：

　　By executing criminals you are ruling out the possibility of rehabilitation.

　　Some criminals are beyond rehabilitation;

　　如何控制人口：

　　This could be done by a process of education that points out the way a small family can mean an improved quality of life for the family members， as well as less strain on the country's， perhaps very limited， resources.

　　童工：

　　If learning responsibilities and work experience are considered to be important， then children can acquire these by having light， part-time jobs or even doing tasks such as helping their parents around the family home， which are unpaid， but undoubtedly of value in children's development.

　　课外活动：

　　If they cannot play make-believe games， how can they develop their imagination? How can they learn physical co-ordination or learn important social lessons about winning and losing if they do not practice any sports?