高考英语作文要求字数在130—170之间(150字上下浮动20),有的学生在写作的时候,字数会远远超出这一范围。这种学生是想作文多得几分,可是按照评分原则,超出字数范围都会被相应地扣分。
对策:事先规划好写作分3段走,每段中写几句话,且每句有详有略,一般整张写作纸写满即可。
误区三:造词越难越好
很多基础功底比较好的学生在高三这一年就开始背四级甚至六级词汇来扩大词汇量,且没有弄懂该词实质性含义的基础上运用到作文当中。觉得用词越高级,得分就越高。对策:在写作中,学生用一些高级词汇是必要的,是为考试加分的。但是什么样的高级词汇是高中生应该运用的呢?
对策:在写作中,学生用一些高级词汇是必要的,是为考试加分的。但是什么样的高级词汇是高中生应该运用的呢?大家先看几个句子:
A. China is full of nature resources.
B. China is rich in nature resources.
C. China is abundant in nature resources.
D. China is pregnant with nature resources.
上面四个句子用四种不同的方法表达了同一个意思:中国自然资源丰富。A句和B句中的be full of和be rich in是我们耳熟能详的表达方式。C句中的be abundant in是在模块九学到的短语;D句中的be pregnant with是pregnant这一词的其他用法。
我们把A和B这种耳熟能详的词叫做用词境界一:老熟人,把B这种教材中学过的,但是鲜有人用的到作文中词叫做用词境界二:最熟悉的陌生人,而D中be pregnant with中pregnant一词的这种用法是超出大家掌握范围的,我们把这种用词叫做用词境界三:完全的陌生人。
新东方的写作专项中给大家的建议是:多积累和运用最熟悉的陌生人。这些词学生们在学校会学到用法,词相对于四六级词汇等完全陌生的词来说,错误率就会降低。
汉语中被动不多,受中文这一母语的影响太深,再加上对英语的驾驭能力不够,而且考试时精神处于紧张状态,写出来的句子的主语几乎都是人,比如:People can well use Internet bars only in this way; I suggest students should keep away from Internet bars. 这两个句子没有语法错误,但是都是人做主语就会显得很枯燥。怎样使句子主语多变呢?
对策:想改变句首以人做主语,就要借助于“无灵主语”,即:用无生命的东西做主语。主要有2招:
1. 动词的名词化
可以把句中的动词变成名词,然后用there be + 转变成的名词,便可摆脱人做主语的困境。
例1: More and more people accept of the importance of A.
可以改写成:There is a growing acceptance of the importance of A.
例2:Someone knocked at the front door.
把动词knock 变成它的名词 knock, 用there be 来引导
即写成:There is a knock at the front door.
2. 形容词的名词化
可以把句中的形容词变成名词,然后用There be+转变成的名词。
此方法就是把该句中的形容词改成名词放在there be后面,并用adj.温暖一下该名词就可以了
例1:We felt very excited/joyful/delighted. 把形容词excited, joyful, delighted变成名词excitement, joy, delight放在there be的后面,再用tremendous, enormous 温暖一下这3个转变成的名词。
于是上句改成了:There was great/ tremendous/ enormous excitement/joy/delight in my family.
例2:The crew on board felt much excited when a chest was raised from the bottom. 把形容词excited改成excitement,放在there be的后面,再用tremendous,enormous温暖excitement。
于是上句改成了:There was tremendous/enormous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom.
3. 原因状语从句的名词化
该方法是把原因状语从句中的because, as, since等引导词去掉,把状语从句中的主语去掉,动词变成名词作主语,并加上表因果关系的动词短语,如lead to, result in, bring about, account for, contribute to等表示 “导致,归因于” 的短语即可。
例1:Because people fail to realize the importance of our environment, water and air are seriously contaminated.把because和people去掉,fail改成名词failure作主语,然后加上lead to/result in/bring about加主句即可。
于是上句改成了: Failure to realize environmental preservation brings about severe water and air contamination.
例2:Because people emphasize too much on economic development, our environment is seriously polluted.把because和people去掉,把动词emphasize改成名词emphasis作主语,然后加上lead to/result in/bring about加主句作主语即可。
于是上句改成:Emphasis on economic development leads to severe environment pollution.
注意:这一方法把原来的复合句变成了简单句,对动词变成名词这一词性之间的转换要求较高,所以同学们平时注意单词的积累,注意词与词之间词性之间的转换。
笔者先举这三个例子,主语多变还有其他一些方法,想从这方面提高的同学可以来新东方的写作专项班,系统地来学习一下这块的内容。
误区五:选词笼统不具体
笔者现在教的高三学生把这样一个句子人们在网上购物时对于他们要买的东西是很挑剔的。(particular)几乎都造成这个样子:people are particular about things they intend to buy. “things”就是一个很笼统的词,概括性强,写作时要避免笼统词的使用。
对策:如果想要避免使用things这个笼统的词,就得想办法把它的意思转换掉,那就是把things去掉,变成一个名词性从句。“人们要买的东西”变成一个名词性从句,如what people intend to buy来代替things这样空洞的词,整个句子就改成了:people are particular about what they intend to buy.所以名词性从句既可以避免笼统的词,也出现了高端语法现象,一举两得。
再比如这个句子的翻译:青少年在网上应该尽可能接触那些对他们学习有利的东西。(expose)。与其用beneficial things这种空洞的词写成Youngsters, when surfing on the Internet, should expose themselves to beneficial things. 还不如用what is beneficial to their study改写成Youngsters, when surfing on the Internet, should expose themselves to what is beneficial to their study.
误区六:不重视逻辑词的使用
有一些学生只是一味地使用逗号,使得整篇文章显得冗长无比。也有的考生在写作时不分段,导致段落过长,甚至一篇文章只有一个段落。这样的文章显得层次不清,让阅卷官难以看出考生对语言的驾驭能力和统领全篇的水平。
对策:一篇好的文章不仅词汇语法高端化,高端化的另一个标志是逻辑词的使用。一篇没有逻辑词的文章就像支离破碎的花瓣,让人没办法看出美感。而有恰当连接词的文章逻辑性强,引着读者继续去看,像一朵玫瑰花一样,好看而实用。写作文有哪些逻辑词?
笔者为大家总结了三类用词:
1.表示方向相反的词和词组:
转折关系:but, yet, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, nevertheless, otherwise
让步关系:although, though, despite, in spite of
2.表示方向相同的词和词组:
并列关系:and, as well, both…and, as well as, neither…nor, either…or
递进关系:in addition, besides, moreover, furthermore, above all, worse still, not only…but also, what’s more/worse/better, to make things worse
因果关系:because of, for, so, as, as a result, due to, owing to, thanks to, on account of, therefore
解释关系:for example/instance, that is (to say), in other words, such as, namely
总结关系:in a word, in short, in general, on the whole, to summarize, to conclude, in brief
3.顺序关系词:
时间顺序:at first, to begin with
Second, next, then, later
The next moment, after that, since then, shortly after
At last, in the end, finally, eventually
空间关系:on the right, to the left, on one side of,… on the other side, in the middle/center of…, at the foot/ top/end of
大家来看一篇文章:来自2008年北京卷
Our class intends to do a spring outing. Everyone's opinion differs as for where to spend our spring outing. Some suggested the amusement park while others recommended boating. The rest proposed mountain climbing. After a heated discussion, we reached an agreement: go hiking.
Everyone enjoyed the beautiful scenery along the hillside. However, as we reached the top of the mountain, we found wastes and rubbish were thrown everywhere. We picked up the litters and collected them in plastic bags. We put the sorted trash into the recycling and non-recycling bins.
这篇文章几乎没有用到逻辑连接词,就像支离破碎的花瓣,让人没办法看出美感。这篇文章加上逻辑连接词后如下:
Our class intends to do a spring outing. At the very beginning, everyone's opinion differs as for where to spend our spring outing. Some suggested the amusement park while others recommended boating. Still, the rest proposed mountain climbing. Then, after a heated discussion, we finally reached an agreement: go hiking.
At first, everyone enjoyed the beautiful scenery along the hillside. Unfortunately, however, as we reached the top of the mountain, we found wastes and rubbish were thrown everywhere. Without any hesitation, we picked up the litters and collected them in plastic bags. Afterwards, we put the sorted trash into the recycling and non-recycling bins at the foot of the mountain.
第二篇文章加上了表示时间和地点的逻辑词,文章内容显得紧凑,有美感,且文章更加完整。所以写作文时,大家有意识地用上合适的逻辑词,作文质量就会提高很多。
误区七:平时不练习
学生们对作文重视不够,平时把更多的时间拿来做单选,完型和阅读题目,而没有抽时间积累作文素材和写作文。造成考试时头脑一片空白,无话可说,而写一些大话空话。比如有的学生在写作时这样写道:“We should help others because others need our help.”这个句子没有什么语病,但是从内容上看来它是那么空泛 。
对策:在考试那种紧张的氛围下,如何使你写的文章的内容很充实呢?在这里笔者给大家推荐吴安运主编的一本写作书:《5年高考英语满分作文》。这本书的优点在于它除了给出2篇满分范文之外,而且在优秀范文旁边有加旁批备注的好词好句好短语,可以为学生们提供了大量可以运用的素材。
笔者建议每周孩子们要看3-4篇高考真题作文,并从这些作文中积累好词好句。然后在本周内里自己写1-2篇作文,有意识地把你积累起来的运用到自己的作文中去。久而久之,这些好词好句就成为了你自己的东西,考试即使紧张,也有充实的东西去写。因为你平时已经把那些充实的东西融入了你的血液。
最后笔者叮嘱大家的是写完作文之后一定要请老师批改你的作文,并且需将老师帮你改下来的好单词好短语好句式记在一个专门的写作本上,第二天起来大声朗读这些好单词好短语好句式。
以上是笔者总结的学生们在写作中容易犯的错误,看一下哪些是你会犯到的错误,赶紧看相关对策,及时更正。只要大家做到平时做到点滴积累,勤于练习,你也能成为写作高手的。