雅思阅读实战模拟试题（一）

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　　Questions 7-13

　　Match torcetrapib，HDLs，statin and CETP with their functions （Questions 8-13）..

　　Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

　　NB You may use any letter more than once.

　　7．It has been administered to over 10,000 subjects in a clinical trial.

　　8．It could help rid human body of cholesterol.

　　9．Researchers are yet to find more about it.

　　10. It was used to reduce the level of cholesterol.

　　11. According to Kashyap, it might lead to unwanted result if it’s blocked.

　　12. It produced contradictory results in different trials.

　　13. It could inhibit LDLs.

　　List of choices

　　A. Torcetrapic

　　B. HDLS

　　C. Statin

　　D. CETP

　　Suggested Answers and Explanations

　　1．vi

　　2．ii

　　3．vii 本段介绍了torcetrapib和statin的治病原理，但是同时短语“in contrast”与之前第二段后半段的内容呼应，暗示了这两种药在理论上能相辅相成，是理想的搭配。第一个选项无法涵盖整段意义，故选择i是错误的。

　　4．iii 本段分析了可能导致torcetrapibl临床试验失败的原因，后半段指出如果以上推测正确，那么未来的药物可借鉴这个试验，设法避免torcetrapib的缺陷，研制出有效的药物。viii选项无法涵盖后半段的意思。

　　5．ix 见首句。

　　6．v

　　7．A 见第二段。题目中administer一词意为“用药”，subject一词为“实验对象”之意。

　　8．B 见第四段“… to raise levels of HDLs, which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body.”即HDLs的作用最终是将choleserol清除出人体：“… for removal from the body”。

　　9．B 见第四段“But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood.”

　　10．C 见第二段“… plus a cholesterol-lowering statin”，即statin是可以降低cholesterol的。

　　11．D 见第六段“So inhibiting CETP, … might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body.

　　12．A 见第三段。

　　13．C 见第四段“Statins, in contrast, mainly work by lowering the 'bad' low-density lipoproteins.”

★The Triumph of Unreason

　　A.Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or “utility”, in economist-speak) from any situation.Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational.But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.

　　B.The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense.For situations met frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome.Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases.But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?

　　C.One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh.In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt.To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy.

　　D.In a study, the three researchers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether to buy a series of products such as a box of chocolates or a DVD of the television show that were flashed on a computer screen one after another.In each round of the task, the researchers first presented the product and then its price, with each step lasting four seconds.In the final stage, which also lasted four seconds, they asked the volunteers to make up their minds.While the volunteers were taking part in the experiment, the researchers scanned their brains using a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).This measures blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain, as an indication of its activity.

　　E.The researchers found that different parts of the brain were involved at different stages of the test.The nucleus accumbens was the most active part when a product was being displayed.Moreover, the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.

　　F.When the price appeared, however, fMRI reported more activity in other parts of the brain.Excessively high prices increased activity in the insular cortex, a brain region linked to expectations of pain, monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures.The researchers also found greater activity in this region of the brain when the subject decided not to purchase an item.

　　G.Price information activated the medial prefrontal cortex, too.This part of the brain is involved in rational calculation.In the experiment its activity seemed to correlate with a volunteer's reaction to both product and price, rather than to price alone.Thus, the sense of a good bargain evoked higher activity levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, and this often preceded a decision to buy.

　　H.People's shopping behaviour therefore seems to have piggy-backed on old neural circuits evolved for anticipation of reward and the avoidance of hazards.What Dr Loewenstein found interesting was the separation of the assessment of the product (which seems to be associated with the nucleus accumbens) from the assessment of its price (associated with the insular cortex), even though the two are then synthesised in the prefrontal cortex.His hypothesis is that rather than weighing the present good against future alternatives, as orthodox economics suggests happens, people actually balance the immediate pleasure of the prospective possession of a product with the immediate pain of paying for it.

　　I.That makes perfect sense as an evolved mechanism for trading.If one useful object is being traded for another (hard cash in modern time), the future utility of what is being given up is embedded in the object being traded.Emotion is as capable of assigning such a value as reason.Buying on credit, though, may be different.The abstract nature of credit cards, coupled with the deferment of payment that they promise, may modulate the “con” side of the calculation in favour of the “pro”.

　　J.Whether it actually does so will be the subject of further experiments that the three researchers are now designing.These will test whether people with distinctly different spending behaviour, such as miserliness and extravagance, experience different amounts of pain in response to prices.They will also assess whether, in the same individuals, buying with credit cards eases the pain compared with paying by cash.If they find that it does, then credit cards may have to join the list of things such as fatty and sugary foods, and recreational drugs, that subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable at the time but can have a long and malign aftertaste.