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作文备考:保命杀敌招式

2017-02-08 13:35

来源:网络

作者:章坤

随着12月的ACT考试逐渐逼近,相信很多小伙伴的内心此刻是崩溃的。尤其刚改革了没多久且难度大增的作文也许正烦的你脑仁疼。因此在距考试还有三周多的现在,我将结合作文改革以来自己的教学经验,用几个快速有效的招数,教你如何做好备考,并在考场上保命杀敌。那就开始吧--

一、准备工作之例子

对于那些积(bu)累(xiang)不(bei)够(song)的小伙伴来说,例子大概是个说多了都是泪的痛。更要命的是ACT作文里不能再像托福一样用身边的例子,比如隔壁老王昨天买彩票中了五百万这种。当然,学术考试不适合编例子只是其一,更重要的是因为这种例子即使是真的,也不具有普!适!性!并不能因为一个个例就使人信服自己的观点。打个比方,托福作文就像是在告诉阅卷人:“快来看我会武功!我会好多好多各路剑法掌法刀法!来看我给你演示下!”只要像模像样,临阵对敌的时候有多少用并不是重点。然而ACT作文确是实实在在要我们去杀敌了,以一杆铅笔大战对方口舌,成败决定分数。那么问题来了,到底可以怎么准备例子?积累丰富的小伙伴自然可以从知识储备中信手拈来,当然即使是历史事件名人经历等,写的时候也需要注意例子的普适性。而对于非学霸来说,也不是就无路可活--可以用日常生活中常见的场景假设,比如我在文章最后附的Intelligent Machines本人练习文里用到的self-check out vs. human cashier(自助收银和人工收银员)这种生活中常见的事物。

这时候你的内心也许是存疑的,这个行得通吗?我们来看下官方是怎么说的--在Intelligent Machines的第一篇6分官方范文里,虽然文章在开始用了一个历史上的例子(cotton gin),但后文用的全是常见的场景假设和生活中的概念。之后的官方解析里是这样评述这篇文章的:…development is oriented toward reasoning rather than driven by example. The second body paragraph uses the concept of genocide, rather than a specific example of it…… this integrated line of reasoning and illustration effectively conveys the meaning and import of the argument.也就是说,ACT官方认为这种写法对论证观点来说不仅非常有效,甚至一定程度和范围内会比单纯的各种历史例子等更有效。而这种写法的好处有二:1、普适性强,有说服力;2、毋需死记硬背,考场上更容易写--只要把题目中观点的逻辑往例子上一套,顺着往下写往往会论证的更具体,避免过于抽象和空洞的情况出现。

二、审题与观点的选择

很多小伙伴都会觉得,改革前两个观点的情况倒还好,非黑即白嘛,也容易选。然而改革后三个观点往往不仅从不同立场,甚至观点三经常是从另一个层面出发,要做出选择和评判真是要了老命了。这个问题首先可以在审题的时候通过一定方法去缓解:

1、划出观点中绝对性的/语气强烈的词,通常可以作为之后的反驳入手之处;

2、因为一般观点三都站的层面更高更难反驳,所以可以把三个观点都至少看两遍,在第一遍阅读的时候不要先入为主直接选择观点,而是在看完观点三以后回头带着它的角度重新审视观点一和二,往往会有新的理解。

对于自身思维比较局限些的同学,在此也给出这样一个建议:实在不会选就同意观点三,然后部分同意一和二中那个和观点三类似方向的,并反驳剩余的一个观点。

三、全文逻辑架构

文章架构的时候,请记住一件事:

反驳很重要!

反驳很重要!!

反驳很重要!!!

重要的事情说三遍嘛。

然而很多同学并不知道如何有效地反驳对方观点。常见问题是站在道德角度去压对方,比如官方样题Public Health里很多同学会同意观点一,对应的反驳观点二,可是在反驳的时候往往词穷,只会指责观点二是自私自利的行为,说我们不能只考虑自己不考虑别人。大家来想下,这跟我们与别人发生争执的时候,对方觉得理屈词穷讲不过,就蛮横地来句:“我是老大,我说的就是对的,你就得听我的!”有什么区别么?如果想让别人心服口服,就需要用道理去解释,而不是道德上强压。那么如何做到有理有据地去反驳呢?可以参考以下两个杀招:

1、分类

大部分中国同学的作文有一个特点:假大空。总写的很泛泛让别人(尤其是脑子一根筋的美国人,你懂的)看的似懂非懂又摸不着,自然分数也不会高。而一个行之有效的解决方法就是分类,比如从不同人群去分,不同领域去分,或不同事件类型去分等等。以Intelligent Machines为例,除了第一篇官方6分范文那种同意观点一反对二三的写法,也可以站在相反立场,而此时就可以用上分类。对于这个题目,我们首先可以想下,机器取代人以后会受到影响的几类人分别可以是谁?capital owners, consumers, workers对吧?首先受益的一定是机器的拥有者,那些工厂老板等capital owners,他们很显然是从这个取代中大大获益的。可对于消费者和被取代了的工人,情况似乎就比较复杂了。因此,我们接下来可以从这两类人着手分析,而这会用到下一个杀招--

2、Cost-Benefit Analysis(利弊的综合分析)

CBA是个经济学术语,然而我们这里并不需要去理解内在的理论和复杂性,只是借用这个其实是大白话的基本原理来去解题,也就是综合分析利弊以后,如果利大于弊,这件事就是好的,而弊大于利则是坏事。听起来很容易懂对不对?所以我们来一起分析下对于消费者和工人的利弊。首先,机器取代人降低生产成本后,价格也会随之降低,所以消费者可以花更少钱买更多东西,这是利。但同时题目中提出一个反对意见,就是认为在这个过程中我们日常与他人的接触减少了,会逐渐丧失人性,这是弊。然而,在这里我们可以深想一层,机器取代人以后,比如self-check out,最大的一个好处是省了排队收银的时间,而这个时间反过来可以用来和家人朋友相处,这是利。这里损失的是和陌生人交流的机会,换取的是和家人朋友交流的机会,所以可以说是利大于弊的。因此总体来说,机器取代人类,对消费者是利大于弊的。相应的,对于工人,直接的弊是失业,然而往下想,机器并没有从根本上减少工作机会,在取代了一些工作的同时也创造了新的岗位,而那些暂时失业了的工人经过重新培训大多走上了更好的工作岗位,而这些岗位不仅薪水地位更高,也允许他们更多发挥自己的创造力,而非之前重复性的工作--这是进一步对人性的释放,所以长期的利大于短期的弊,对工人来说,是件好事。因此几方面总结起来,整个的机器取代人类是利大于弊的。再往下挖,还可以说这是个良性循环,具体可以参照附的文章。

最后,希望各位同学可以好好利用这里分享的招式,不断思考和获得新的感悟,帮助各位在12月的考试中获得好成绩!

附:官方样题Intelligent Machines之章女侠练习文

As technology improves, an increasing number of tasks can now be done by machines. While some express concerns about the possible loss of humanity as humans are being replaced, machines have in fact contributed to the manifestation of humanity as well as the improvement of efficiency and living standards.

As machines increasingly perform low-skill work, society is able to produce more. These machines not only bring convenience but also prosperity for the whole society, which is in agreement with Perspective Two. The self-check out machine, now a commonplace in many stores, saves the cost of operating the stores as well as the once quotidian long queues. The lower operational cost subsequently translates into more affordable prices, benefiting virtually every consumer whose real disposable income rises accordingly.

It is under this background that some people begin to worry that machines have caused us to lose our humanity. Indeed, one could argue that in the prior example, the exact development of the self-check out machine has cost numerous cashiers their jobs, leading to unemployment and a seeming loss of human value. Similarly, as consumers in their daily encounters seem to lose opportunities to communicate with other human beings, i.e. the cashiers, they might become less patient and courteous. However, this is not the case. In fact, the increasing use of machines does not encroach upon our humanity but instead only releases additional time for us. With time saved from basic and repetitive daily tasks like shopping, humans are able to spend the additional time together with family members or friends. In this sense, what is sacrificed is only the unnecessary encounters with strangers, but our communication with those human beings especially meaningful to us is further facilitated and promoted.

On the other hand, while those workers who have been replaced by machines seem to have lost the chance to realize their value, this is in fact only a short term cost preceding a long term gain. The appearance of machines, while eliminating certain low-skill jobs, creates positions for operating and managing the machines, thereby maintaining the overall level of jobs. Hence, after a temporary period of readjustment, the displaced workers could improve themselves to better adapt to the changing needs of the society, and engage in better jobs. If we examine western history over the past two hundred years, we could see that as a social pattern, numerous people have shifted from low-skill repetitive work, such as farming and basic manufacturing, to more advanced jobs that require more knowledge and innovation, such as entrepreneurship, finance, and high technology. This long term trend shows a development in the kind of work that we do towards more innovation and creativity-the exact manifestation of our humanity that distinguishes us from machines. This directly refutes Perspective One and demonstrates that machines, rather than encroaching upon our humanity, have indeed contributed to the development of it.

Indeed, as we exploit our creativity freed by the invention of machines that could replace those low-skill repetitive work, we are inventing ever more advanced machines that enable the replacement of even more complicated tasks, which is in agreement with Perspective Three. Additionally, this process requires inventors to study the characters and needs of people so as to design machines that could meet such demands, leading to a better understanding of humanity. In this way, humans have entered a virtuous cycle of inventing machines to free humanity, and utilizing our unrestrained humanity to further improve the machines.

In conclusion, instead of conflicting with each other, our humanity and the development of machines complement each other and these two together continue to bring new possibilities to our future.

教师简介

章坤

主授课程:GRE写作,GMAT写作,SAT写作

教育背景:美国杜鲁门大学经济与历史双学士,并以经济系唯一杰出毕业生、全校唯一获得荣誉学者的国际学生等多项殊荣毕业。主授GRE写作和SAT写作,为南京新东方优秀明星教师。2015年度新东方集团新SAT赛课全国二等奖,学术测试全国第一名。在美国取得经济与历史双学士学位,并以双系荣誉、经济系唯一杰出毕业生、全校同届唯一获得荣誉学者的国际学生等多项殊荣毕业。曾任美国大学亚洲区招生官面试官,有逾三年的丰富招生经验,帮助无数学生成功飞跃。写过无数paper,善于用最真实的积累帮助学生掌握英文学术写作的精髓。

教学理念:简洁实际,注重能力和分数的双重提高

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